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HNSC 2170 > Unit 9 - Supplemental Nutrition > Flashcards

Unit 9 - Supplemental Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

who benefits from vitamin supplements (4)

A
  • those who fail to obtain recommended amts of vitamins & minerals from their diet (ex. chronic dieter, addictions, illness)
  • vegetarians & vegans
  • lactose intolerance or milk allergies
  • those with special needs (pregnant, elderly)

see notes for longer list

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2
Q

what is the best way to receive nutritonal content

A
  • best to try to make changes to diet to improve nutritional content
  • only take supplements when needed
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3
Q

what are some cons to supplements (3)

A
  • greater risk of toxicity
  • may be expensive
  • may give a false sense of security about the healthfulness of the diet
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4
Q

what can supplements interact w (3)

A
  • meds
  • foods
  • and other supplements
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5
Q

what is an example of one food product that can intreract w many meds

A
  • grapefruit
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6
Q

what are examples of natural health products (8)

A
  • vitamins
  • minerals
  • herbal products
  • homeopathic meds
  • chinese traditional meds
  • probiotics
  • amino acids
  • essential FA
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7
Q

what are the natural health product regulations

A

regulations regarding NHPs including:

  • provisions on product licensing
  • site licensing
  • good manufacturing practices
  • adverse rxn reporting
  • clinical trials
  • labeling
  • premarket review
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8
Q

approved NHPs have on their bottle either a.. (2)

A
  1. Natural product number or

2. drug id number - homeopathic medicine (DIN-HM)

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9
Q

what does a NPN or DIN-HM let the consumer know

A
  • that it has undergone & passed a review of its formulation, labelling, instructions for use
    = safe product to choose
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10
Q

what in enteral nutrition

A
  • involves giving nutrients thru the GI tract either orally or via tub feeding
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11
Q

what is parental nutrition

A
  • involves giving nutrients intravenously
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12
Q

see figure 15-1 in the notes for a flow chart on selecting a feeding route

A

…

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13
Q

when might oral, nutrient fortified supplements be used

A
  • if the individual is having difficulty maintaining adequate food intake
  • but their GI tract is functional and are physically able to eat
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14
Q

list some examples of nutrient fortified oral supplements (3)

A
  • BoostTM
  • ensureTM
  • and many more brands
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15
Q

what are some of the varieties of oral supplements (5)

A
  • high protein
  • extra calories
  • reduced carbs
  • high fibre
  • etc.
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16
Q

what are some common flavours of oral supplements (3)

A
  • vanilla
  • chocolate
  • strawberry
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17
Q

what are some forms that oral supplements are available in (3)

A
  • shakes
  • fortified pudding
  • fortified fruit beverage
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18
Q

what are some ways to improve a pt’s intake of oral supplements (7)

A
  • let the pt sample diff products & determine what they enjoy
  • serve supplements attractively
  • keep it cold so it is refreshing for the pt
  • if a pt finds the smell unappeling, cover the top w plastic wrap or a lid, leaving just enough room for a straw
  • if have small appeitite, offer it in small amts & frequently
  • provide easy access
  • suggest alternatives
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19
Q

when is tube feeding used

A
  • if an individual is unable to meet their nutrient needs orally
  • but the GI tract is still functioning
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20
Q

list indications for tube feeding (7)

A
  • swallowing disorders
  • impaired upper GI motility
  • obstructions that can be bypassed by a feeding tube
  • anorexia
  • extremely high nutrient requirements (like burn victims who need high protein)
  • mechanical ventilation
  • CNS barriers
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21
Q

what are some contraindications for tube feeding (3)

A
  • severe GI bleeds
  • uncontrollable vomiting or diarrhea
  • severe malabsorption
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22
Q

what is a transnasal feeding

A
  • one that is inserted through the nose
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23
Q

list 4 types of transnasal feedings

A
  • nasogastric
  • nasointestinal
  • nasoduodenal
  • nasojejunal
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24
Q

what is orogastric feeding

A
  • tube inserted into the stomach through the mouth
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25
Q

who is orogastric feeding often used in? why?

A
  • for infants bc a nasogastric tube may hinder the infant’s breathing
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26
Q

what is an enterostomy

A
  • an opening into the GI tract thru the abdominal wall
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27
Q

what are 2 types of enterostostomy

A
  • gastrostomy

- jejunostomy

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28
Q

what is a nasogastric tube

A
  • tube place into the stomach via the nose
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29
Q

what is a nasointestinal tube

A
  • tube place into the GI tract via the nose

- includes nasoduodenal & nasojejunal feeding routes

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30
Q

what is a nasoduodenal tube

A
  • tube is placed into the duodenal via the nose
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31
Q

what is a nasojejunal tube

A
  • tube is placed into the jejunum via the nose
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32
Q

what is a gastrostomy

A
  • an opening into the stomach thru which a feeding tube can be passed
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33
Q

what is a PEG

A

percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy

- a nonsurgical technique for creating a gastrostomy under local anathesia

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34
Q

what is a jejunostomy

A
  • an opening into the jejenum thru which a feeding tube can be passed
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35
Q

what is a PEJ

A

percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy

- nonsurgical technique for creating a jejunostomy

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36
Q

what is the duration of transnasal feeding tubes

A
  • short term

- <4 weeks

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37
Q

what is an advantage of transnasal tubes (2)

A
  • does not require surgery or incisions

- can be placed by a nurse

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38
Q

what are 2 disadvantages to transnasal feeding

A
  • may cause nasal, throat, or esophageal irritation

- easy to remove by disorientated pts

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39
Q

what is the most common enteral route for pts with normal GI function

A
  • nasogastric
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40
Q

what are 3 benefits to nasogastric tubes

A
  • easy to insert & maintain
  • feedings can be given intermittently without an infusion pump
  • least expensive
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41
Q

what are 2 disadvantages to nasogastric feedings (2)

A
  • risk of tube migration to the small intestine

- highest risk of aspiration in compromised pts

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42
Q

what are advantages to nasoduodenal & nasojejunal tubes (3)

A
  • allows enteral feedings for pts who have obstruction, fistulas, gastric motility problems , or minimal stomach volume due to prior gastric surgery
  • allow for earlier tube feedings than gastric placement
  • lower risk of aspiration in compromised pts
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43
Q

what are 3 disadvantages of nasoduodenal and nasojejunal tube feedings

A
  • more difficult to insert & maintain than nasogastric
  • risk of tube migration to the stomach
  • infusion pump required for formula administration
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44
Q

describe the duration of tube enterostomies

A
    • long term access

- >4 weeks duration

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45
Q

what are the advantages to tube enterostomies (3)

A
  • more comfortable than transnasal
  • site is not visible under clothing
  • allow the lower esophageal sphincter to remain closed = lowered risk of aspiration
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46
Q

what are the disadvantages to tube enterostomies

A
  • must be placed by a physician or surgeon
  • placement may require general anathesia
  • risk of complications or infection from the insertion procedure
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47
Q

what is the most common mthod for long term tube feedings

A
  • gastrostomy
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48
Q

what are the advantages of gastrostomy (2)

A
  • easier insertion than jejunostomy

- feedings can be given intermittently without an infusion pump

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49
Q

what are the disadvantages of gastrostomy

A
  • feedings are witheld 12-24 hrs before and 48-72 hrs after the procedure (for surgically placed tubes)
  • moderate risk of aspiration in high-risk patients
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50
Q

what are the advantages to a jejunostomy (3)

A
  • allows enteral feedings for pts who cannot undergo gastric feedings due to obstruction, gastric motility, minimal stomach volume
  • earlier tube feedings then gastrostomy after placement
  • lowest risk of aspiration
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51
Q

what are disadvantages to a jejunostomy

A
  • most difficult insertion procedure
  • infusion pump required for formula admin
  • most costly
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52
Q

what are the 4 main types of enteral formulas available

A
  • standard
  • elemental
  • specialized
  • modular
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53
Q

what plays a role in formula selection (4)

A
  • the pts medical condition
  • digestive/absorptive capabilities
  • nutrient status
  • individual tolerance
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54
Q

what is another name for standard formula

A
  • polymeric formula
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55
Q

who are standard formulas used for

A
  • for people who can digest & absorb nutrients equally
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56
Q

what do standard formulas contain

A
  • proteins from milk or soybeans
  • carbs sources such as hydrolyzed corn starch and sugars
  • contain whole proteins, complex carbohydrates, and long chain triglycerides = meaning the nutrients are intact and have not been broken down, which requires additional work by the digestive system
    = must have full digestive & absorptive function
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57
Q

what are blenderized standard formulas produced from

A

whole foods such as

  • chicken
  • veggies
  • fruits
  • oils
  • and added vitamins & minerals
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58
Q

who are elemental formulas used for

A
  • for compromised digestive tracts
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59
Q

what do elemental formulas contain

A
  • nutritionally complete

- but carbs & proteins which have been partially broken down to fragments which require little to no digestion

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60
Q

who are specialized formulas used for

A
  • disease specific

ex. liver, kidney, & pulmonary failure, severe wounds

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61
Q

what are modular formulas

A
  • created from individual marconutrient preparations

- can be combined to meet very specific needs

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62
Q

see figure 15-3 in the notes on selecting a formula

A

…

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63
Q

list 4 ways formulas differ in

A
  • macronutrient composition
  • energy density
  • fibre content
  • varying osmolality
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64
Q

who are high nutrient density formulas used for

A
  • people w low fluid tolerance

- bc it offers the greatest quanitity of nutrition for least amt of fluid

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65
Q

list 5 factors that influence formula selection

A
  • GI function
  • nutrient & energy needs
  • fluid reqiurements
  • need for fibre modification
  • individual tolerances (ex. allergies & sensitivities)
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66
Q

what kind of formula is used for people w functional GI tract? functional but impaired GI tract?

A
  • functional = standard

- impaired = elemental

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67
Q

list 3 situations where individuals may have different nutrient & energy needs

A
  • diabetes = need to control carbs
  • critical care = high protein & energy requirements
  • chronic kidney disease = limit intakes of proteins & several minerals
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68
Q

describe consideration when choosing a formula for someone with fluids restrictions

A
  • formulas should ahve adequate nutrient & energy densities to provide the required nutrients in the volume prescribed
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69
Q

which individuals might beneficial from enteral formulas with fibre

A

can help manage problems like

  • diarrhea
  • constipation
  • hyperglycemia
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70
Q

which individuals might need to avoid fibre (2)

A

if they have

  • increased risk of bowel obstruction
  • or other complications
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71
Q

nearly all formulas are…

A
  • lactose-free and gluten-free
72
Q

what is important to check before tube feeding begins (2)

A
  • make sure it is correctly placed

- securely attached

73
Q

what are 3 ways of administering enteral formulas

A
  1. continuous
  2. bolus
  3. intermittent
74
Q

what is a pro to intermittent feedings

A
  • offers freedom between meals
75
Q

what are 2 cons to intermittent feedings

A
  • may be difficult to tolerate bc are given in high volume doses
  • increased risk of aspiration
76
Q

what is bolus feeding

A
  • feeding that uses a syringe and is very rapid
77
Q

what are 2 pros to bolus feeding

A
  • allow greater independence

- fast to administer

78
Q

what are 4 cons to bolus feeding

A
  • abdominal discomfort
  • nausea
  • cramping
  • greatest risk of aspiration
79
Q

who are bolus feedings used with

A
  • only in pts who are not critically ill
80
Q

what is 1 pro to continuous feeding

A
  • easiest to tolerate
81
Q

who are continuous feedings recommended for? (2)

A
  • critically ill pts

- preferred for intestinal feedings

82
Q

what is a con to continuous feedings

A
  • pt must be attached at all times
83
Q

how can complications of tube feeding be prevented (4)

A
  • choosing the appropriate feeding route
  • approp formula
  • & delivery method
  • considering their medical condition & meds
84
Q

what should be monitored throughout the tube feeding process to detect/prevent complications & pt tolerance (3)

A
  • body weight
  • hydration status
  • lab test results
85
Q

list 6 complications that can occur during tube feeding

A
  • aspiration
  • clogged feeding tube
  • constipation
  • diarrhea
  • fluid & electrolytes imbalances
  • NV, cramps
86
Q

list 3 causes of aspiration of enteral formula

A
  • inappropriate tube placement
  • delayed gastric emptying
  • excessive sedation
87
Q

list 5 ways to prevent/correct aspiration of formula

A
  • ensure correct placeemnt
  • elevate head during & after feeding
  • decrease formula delivery rate is gastric residual volume is excessive
  • consider using intestinal feedings if high-risk
  • minimize use of meds that cause sedation
88
Q

list 2 causes of clogged feeding tube

A
  • excessive formula viscosity

- improper admin of meds

89
Q

list ways to prevent a clogged feeding tube (6)

A
  • ensure tube size is appropriate
  • flush tubing w water before and after giving formula
  • use oral, liquid, or injectable meds whenever possible
  • avoid mixing meds w formula
  • dilute thick or sticky liquid meds
  • crush tablets to a fine powder & mix w water
90
Q

list 1 way to correct a clogged feeding tube

A
  • flush w warm water or solutions w pancreatic enzymes & sodium bicarb
91
Q

list 4 causes constipation w enteral feeding

A
  • inadequate dietary fiber
  • dehydration
  • lack of exercise
  • med side effect
92
Q

describe how to prevent constipation w enteral tube feedings (4)

A
  • use a formula w approp fibre content
  • provide additional fluids
  • encourage physical activities
  • constul physician about minimizing or replacing meds that cause constipation
93
Q

what are 4 causes of diarrhea during enteral feeding

A
  • med intol
  • infection in GI tract
  • formula contamination
  • excessively rapid formula admin
94
Q

what are 3 ways to prevent diarrhea during enteral feeding

A
  • dilute hypertonic meds
  • avoid using poorly tolerated meds
  • decrease formula delivery rate or use continuous feedings
95
Q

what are 4 causes of fluid & electrolyte abnormalities during tube feedings

A
  • diarrhea
  • inappropriate fluid intake or excessive losses
  • inappropriate insulin, diuretic, or other therapy
  • inappropriate nutrieny intake
96
Q

list 7 ways to prevent fluid & electrolyte imbalanced during tube feedings

A
  • follow ways to reduce diarrhea
  • monitor daily weight & I+O
  • monitor electrolyte lvls
  • monitor for signs of dehydration or overhydration
  • ensure water & formula intake is approp
  • ensure med doses are approp
  • use a formula w approp nutrient content
97
Q

list 4 causes of NV, and cramps during tube feeding

A
  • delayed stomach emptying
  • formula intol
  • med intol
  • response to disease or diseasze treatment
98
Q

list 7 ways to prevent NV, and cramps during tube feeding

A
  • decrease formula delivery rate or use continuous feedings
  • halt feeding is gastric residual volume is excessive
  • evaluate for obstruction
  • consider use of med to improve emptying
  • ensure formula is at room temp
  • approp delivery rate
  • consider using meds that control NV
99
Q

what is parental nutrition

A
  • nutrients given intravenously
100
Q

when is parental nutrition used

A
  • if GI function is impaired
101
Q

list indications for parental nutrition (theres lots lol but 8)

A
  • conditions that require bowel rest
  • severe GI bleeding
  • intractable vomiting or diarrhea
  • paralytic ileus
  • short bowel syndrome
  • severe malnutrition (due to refeeding syndrome) & intolerance to enteral nutrition
  • people who cannot digest or absorb nutrients
  • bone marrow trans plants
102
Q

list contraindications to parental nutrition

A
  • GI tract is functioning or accessible
  • only short term treatment anticipated (less than 7 days)
  • risks outweight benefits
  • palliative care/terminal
  • pt not stable
  • inability to obtain venous access
103
Q

what is 2 ways parental nutrition can be administered

A
  1. thru peripheral veins

2. central veins

104
Q

how long is peripheral nutrition used?

A
  • shorter term (7-14 days)
105
Q

who uses peripheral nutrition

A
  • people who do not have high nutritional needs or fluid restrictions
106
Q

describe the solutions for peripheral parental nutrition

A
  • must be less concentrated to prevent damage (phlebitis) to the peripheral vein
    = higher volumes of solution are needed to provide nutritional needs
107
Q

what is central parental nutrition

A
  • referred to as total parental nutrition (TPN)

- bc a person’s entire nutrient needs can reliably be provided via this route

108
Q

when is TPN used

A
  • when parental nutrition is required longer term
109
Q

describe the solutions for TPN

A
  • can be more concentrated

= volume needed is lower

110
Q

typically, how do central catheters for parental nutrition enter the circulation

A
  • at right subclavian vein & are threaded into the superior vena cava with the tiip of the catheter lying close to the heart
111
Q

what are 3 other ways for a catheter to enter the superior vena cava

A

from the:

  1. left subclavian vein
  2. internal jugular vein
  3. external jugular vein
112
Q

how are peripherally inserted catheters typically inserted

A
  • thru the basilic or cephalic vein

- and are guided up toward the heart so that the catheter tip rests in the SVC

113
Q

who plays a role in deciding the appropriate parental solution used (4)

A
  • doctors
  • nurses
  • pharmacists
  • dieticians
114
Q

parental solutions are either..

A
  • 2 in 1

- 3 in 1

115
Q

what is a 2-in-1 solution

A
  • contains dextrose & amino acids

- and the lipid emulsion would be administered separately

116
Q

why is the lipid emulsion administered seperately in a 2-in-1 solution

A
  • can reduce the stability of the solution & form lipid droplets which obstruct capillaries
117
Q

what is a 3-in-1 solutions?

A
  • aka TNA = total nutrient admixture

- contains dextrose, amino acids, and lipids

118
Q

how can parental nutrition be administered

A
  • continuously

- cyclic

119
Q

what is meant by continuously administered parental nutrition

A
  • over a 24 hr period
120
Q

what is meant by cyclic administered

A
  • over an 8-16 hr time period
121
Q

how are dextrose concentrations written

A
  • by the ltter D followed by its conc in water or NS
122
Q

what does D5W mean

A
  • dextrose 5% in water
123
Q

what is the purpose of lipid emulsions in parental solution

A
  • supply essential fatty acids
124
Q

what are lipid emulsions made from

A
  • soybean or olive oil

- with an egg phospholipid emulsifier & glycerol to make the solution isotonic

125
Q

what 5 nutrients are added to parental solutions

A
  • Na
  • K
  • Ca
  • Mg
  • phosphate
126
Q

what other 2 things are added to parental solutions

A
  • multivitamin

- trace mineral preparations

127
Q

what is typically excluded from parental solutions? why?

A
  • iron

- bc it can destabilize lipid emulsification & cause allergies

128
Q

what is refeeding syndrome

A
  • occurs when a severely malnourished individual get food reintroduced
129
Q

what are symptoms of refeeding syndrome

A
  • fluid & electrlyte imbalances

- hyperglycemia

130
Q

describe the administration of parental nutrition

A
  • start at slow rate & increase over a 2-3 day period or a smaller conc amt given
131
Q

who is continuous infusion of parental nutrition often given to

A
  • acutely ill pts
132
Q

long term recipients of parental nutrition receive infusions for how long?

A
  • 8-14 hours only (cyclic)
133
Q

what type of technique is used for catheter insertion during parental nutrition

A
  • aseptic

- to avoid infection

134
Q

describe monitoring during parental nutrition

A
  • catheter site monitored for infection
135
Q

list catheter-related complications of parental nutrition (7)

A
  • air embolism
  • blood clotting at catheter tip
  • dislodgment of catheter
  • improper placement
  • infection, sepsis
  • phlebitis
  • tissue injury
136
Q

list metabolic complications of parental nutrition (8)

A
  • electrolyte imbalances
  • gallbladder disease
  • hyper & hypoglycemia
  • hypertriglyceridemia
  • liver disease
  • metabolic bone disease
  • nutrient deficiencies
  • refeeding syndrome
137
Q

what might slow formula flow during parental administration indicate (2)

A
  • clogged catheter

- blood clot

138
Q

describe how to manage hyperglycemia during parental nutrition (4)

A
  • provide insulin w parental feeds
  • avoid overfeeding
  • keep feed rates slow
  • restrict quantity of dextrose in solution
139
Q

what can cause hypertriglyceridemia during parental nutrition (2)

A
  • dextrose overfeeding

- overly rapid lipid infusions

140
Q

what can cause refeeding syndrome during parental nutrition

A
  • dextrose increases the circulation of insulin

= promotes anabolic processes which quickly remove phosphate, K+, and Mg from the blood = fluid retention

141
Q

what can refeeding syndrome cause (4)

A
  • edema
  • cardiac arrythmias
  • muscle weakness
  • fatigue
142
Q

how can we prevent refeeding syndrome

A
  • only provide half of the body’s energy requirement at first
143
Q

how can we prevent gallstones during parental nutrition

A
  • give meds to stimulate gallbladder contraction to prevent buildup & conc of contents
  • surgically remove
144
Q

how can we prevent metabolic bone disease during parental nutrition

A
  • adjust supplemental nutrients

- increase weight bearing activity

145
Q

what is dyaphagia

A
  • difficulty in swallowing
146
Q

what does dyaphagia effect

A
  • food & beverage intake
  • mouth care
  • meds
147
Q

who is included on the multidisciplinary team for management of dysphagi

A
  • speech language pathologists
  • dieticians
  • occupational therapists
  • pharmacists
  • dental specialists
  • medical doctors
148
Q

what are symptoms of dysphagia

A
  • drooling
  • choking or coughing during or after meals
  • pocketing food
  • absent gag reflex
  • inability to suck from a straw
  • chronic upper resp infections
  • weight loss/anorexia
  • gurgly voice quality
149
Q

what are some complications of dysphagia (5)

A
  • aspiration
  • dehydration
  • loss of enjoyment for eating
  • weight loss
  • malnutrition
150
Q

see table 17-2 for causes of oropharyngeal & esophageal dysphagia (too long for cards)

A

…

151
Q

what is the goal of nutrition interventions for dysphagia

A
  • ensure the diet remains nutritionally adequate & palatable in a consistency safely tolerated by the pt
152
Q

what are 2 common management strategies for dysphagia

A
  • altering food texture

- altering the viscosity

153
Q

what is a “soft” texture modification

A

standard diet, modified w

- soft to chew foods

154
Q

what is a soft/minced diet

A
  • soft diet
  • with the inclusion of some plain minced meats when the soft textured meat is not suitable
  • may be modified to provide minced meat, veggies, and pureed fruit as required
155
Q

what is a minced diet

A

standard diet modified w

  • minced meat, poultry, fish
  • soft casseroles made w minced meat/poultry
  • minced, whipped, or mashed fruits & veggies
  • soft breads & baked products
  • sandwiches w minced consistency fillings & cheese
  • cream/stock soups w soft/minced meat & soft veggies without skin/seeds
156
Q

what is a total minced diet

A

standard diet modified w:

  • minced entrees
  • minced/whipped or mashed cooked veggies & fruits
  • excludes whole breads & baked products, cheese portions, cold cereals
  • cream/stock soups w minced meat & veggies without skins/seeds
157
Q

what is a pureed diet

A

standard diet modified w

- only liquid or pureed foods of a smooth homogenous texture

158
Q

what is a blenderized diet

A

pureed diet, modified w

- foods blenderized to a liquid form

159
Q

what is a thick fluid-nectar diet

A

standard diet modified with

- replacement of thin liquid w thick liquids of nectar consistency

160
Q

who is a thick fluid-nectar diet recommended for

A
  • individuals with dysphagia
161
Q

describe the consistency of a thick fluid-nectar diet

A
  • thinner than honey
162
Q

what is a thick fluid-honey diet

A

standard diet, modified w

- replacement of thin liquids w thick fluids of honey consistency

163
Q

who is a thick fluid-honey diet recommended for

A
  • individuals w dysphagia
164
Q

what is a “no fluids combined w solids” diet

A

standard diet, modified w

  • exclusion of liquids combined w solids (ex. cold cereal w milk)
  • thin liquids as the standard
165
Q

why is the texture of foods modified

A
  • to make them easier to swallow
166
Q

what types of foods are easier to swallow than dry foods

A
  • foods that are naturally soft & form a cohesive bolus

ex. macaroni casseroles, egg dishes, meat loaf

167
Q

what can make foods easier to swallow

A
  • adding sauces & gravies to foods

- also adds additional calories

168
Q

what kind of foods are difficult to manage ? how is this prevented?

A
  • mixed texture foods
    ex. cereal w milk
  • often blended to a single consistency
169
Q

what happens once the texture of foods is modified

A
  • the food becomes less appealing
170
Q

list some ways to improve the acceptance of mechanically altered food (7)

A
  • help stimulate the appetite by preping fav foods & foods w pleasant smells
  • substitute white veggies for colored
  • place contrasting colors side by side
  • shaped pureed & ground foods so they resemble traditional foods
  • laying ingredients so they resemble a casserole
  • use attractive plates & silverware
  • use colorful garnishes
171
Q

why are thickened fluids preferred over thin (2)

A
  • thin fluids require the most coordination & control to consume
    = easily aspirated into the lungs
  • thickened fluids easier to swallow
172
Q

what is a concern w thickened fluids

A
  • hydration
173
Q

can nectar think fluids be sipped thru a straw? honey thick?

A
  • nectar = yes

- honey = no

174
Q

what is an example of nectar thick fluid? honey thick?

A
  • nectar thick = tomato juice

- honey = tomato sauce

175
Q

what is another alternative for pts w dysphagia (4)

A

learning alternative feeding techniques like

  • exercises to strengthen the tongue
  • new methods of swallowing
  • change positioning
  • seeing a speech language pathologist or OT

HNSC 2170 (9 decks)

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