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HNSC 2170 > Unit 5: Vitamins > Flashcards

Unit 5: Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

what are vitamins

A
  • organic, non-caloric, essential nutrients which is assist in body function
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2
Q

intake of which vitamins often fall below dietary threshold (4)

A
  • A
  • D
  • E
  • C
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3
Q

what are the 2 classes of vitamins

A
  • fat soluble

- water soluble

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4
Q

what are fat soluble vitamins

A
  • vitamins that dissolve in lipid
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5
Q

what is required for absorption of fat soluble vitamins

A
  • bile
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6
Q

where are fat soluble vitamins stored (2)

A
  • liver

- fatty tissues

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7
Q

what is a risk with fat soluble vitamins? what indiciation does this have

A
  • can build up to toxic lvls

= use caution with fat soluble vitamin supplements

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8
Q

list 4 types of fat soluble vitamins

A
  • A
  • D
  • E
  • K
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9
Q

describe the absorption of fat soluble vitamins

A
  • absorbed like fats

- first into the lymph, then into the blood

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10
Q

describe the transport & storage of fat soluble vitamins

A
  • travel w protein carriers in watery body fluids

- stored in the liver or fatty tissues

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11
Q

describe the excretion of fat soluble vitamins

A
  • not readily excreted

- tend to build up in tissues

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12
Q

describe the toxicity of fat soluble

A
  • likely from supplements

- occur rarely from foods

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13
Q

describe the requirement of fat soluble vitamins

A
  • needed in periodic doses ( weekly or monthly)
  • depends on the extent of body stores
  • like fats, they can be retrieved in times of nutritional deficiency
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14
Q

what was the first fat soluble vitamin recognized

A

A

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15
Q

what are the 3 active forms of vitamin A

A
  • retinol
  • retinal
  • retinoic acid
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16
Q

what is the fnxn of retinol? where is iit stored?

A
  • stored in liver
  • supports reproduction
  • converted into the 2 other active forms
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17
Q

what is the fnxn of retinal

A
  • active in vision
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18
Q

what is the fnxn of retinoic acid (3)

A
  • acts as hormone
  • regulates cell differentiation
  • embryonic growth & development

as needed

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19
Q

what is a provitamin

A
  • a substance that is converted within the body into a vitamin
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20
Q

what is b-carotene

A
  • found in plant based foods
  • antioxidant
  • a precursor that is converted into active vitamin A in the body
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21
Q

it takes approx __ ug of b-carotene to supply 1 ug of retinol

A

12

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22
Q

list the functions of vitamin A (6)

A
  • gene expression
  • vision
  • cell differentiation
  • reproduction & growth
  • immunity
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23
Q

what is vitamin A’s role in vision

A
  • keeps cornea clear
  • participates in light detection in the retina
  • make up retinal pigment molecules which absorb the light
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24
Q

without retinal, the eye has issues ____

A
  • adapting to light changes
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25
Q

what specific role does vitamin A have in reproduction & growth

A
  • sperm development

- fetal growth

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26
Q

what much vitamin A does the body store? what does this mean?

A

~1 year supply of vitamin A

- symptoms of deficiency take over a year to appear

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27
Q

vitamin A deficiency is the leading cause of???

A
  • preventable blindness in children around the world
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28
Q

what other things does vitamin A deficiency cause (3)

A
  • dried out salivary glands
  • hinder stomach & intestinal mucus secretion = hindered digestion & absorption
  • associated w high keratin production = hardened & dried cornea
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29
Q

what causes vitamin A toxicity

A
  • supplements

- fortified foods (cereals, vitamins)

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30
Q

what does vitamin A toxicity cause (2)

A
  • weakened bones

- risk of hip fracture

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31
Q

describe how easy/hard is it to get vitamin A toxicity

A
  • chronic intake of even small excess of vitamin A
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32
Q

describe vitamin A use in pregnant women

A
  • pregnant women must be cautious

- chronic use at high doses can cause malformations of the fetus

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33
Q

what age group are the most sensitive to vitamin A toxicity

A
  • children
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34
Q

list 7 good sources of vitamin A and beta-cortene

A
  • fortified milk
  • carrots
  • sweet potatoe
  • spinach
  • beef liver
  • bok choy
  • apricots
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35
Q

what is the chemical name for vitamin D

A
  • cholecalciferol
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36
Q

describe the role of UV light in vitamin D

A
  • UV light from the sun converts a cholestrol compound in the human skin into a vitamin D precursor
  • the vitamin D precursor is directly absorbed into the blood
  • liver & kidneys then finish converting the precursor to active vitamin D
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37
Q

what is an essential nutrient?

A
  • nutrients the body can’t make or make sufficient quantity of
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38
Q

is vitamin D an essential nutrient

A
  • given enough sun, no
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39
Q

what is the fnxn of vitamin D

A
  • hormone

- role in regulating Ca and PO4 = maintain bone integrity

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40
Q

low vitamin D levels may be linked to… (7)

A
  • HTN
  • some types of cancer
  • type 1 DM
  • heart disease
  • rheumatoid arthritis
  • IBD
  • MS
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41
Q

what is the well-established problems of low vitamin D

A
  • impairment of calcium balance & the bones
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42
Q

list 2 diseases that result from vitamin D deficiency

A
  • rickets

- osteomalacia

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43
Q

what are rickets

A
  • failure of the bones to calcify normally
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44
Q

what is osteomalacia

A
  • bone disease in children & adults
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45
Q

what are 2 symptoms of rickets

A
  • bowed legs

- beaded ribs

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46
Q

list risk factors for vitamin D deficiency (5)

A
  • increases w age
  • lower intake
  • housebound (little UV exposure)
  • decreased ability to activate
  • low intake of milk or fortified soy beverage
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47
Q

at what point does our need for vitamin D increase

A
  • after the age 50
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48
Q

of all the vitamins, which is the most potentially toxic? why?

A
  • vitamin D

- can cause calcium blood lvls to raise too high causing kidney stones & calcification

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49
Q

what typicaly causes vitamin D toxicity

A
  • supplements
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50
Q

is there a risk of vitamin D toxicity from sunlight?

A
  • no
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51
Q

list some factors that affect the conversion of sunlight (6)

A
  • skin tone
  • sunscreen use
  • pollution
  • clothing
  • geograhic location
  • time of year
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52
Q

list some food sources of vitamin D (5)

A
  • fortified milk & margarine
  • eggs
  • butter
  • fortified soy beverages
  • fatty fish
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53
Q

describe the vitamin D conten in breast milk

A
  • low source of vitamin D
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54
Q

what does the low content of vitamin D in breast milk mean

A
  • supplementation of breast fed infants is recommened

- infant formula is foritifed

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55
Q

a daily vitamin D supplement of ___ is recommended for exclusively breastfed infants, from birth to one year of age

A

10 ug (400 IU)

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56
Q

what is the active form of vitamin E

A
  • tocopherol
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57
Q

what is the gold standard of vitamin E

A

alpha-tocopherol

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58
Q

what is the fncn of vitamin E

A
  • antioxidant & one of the body’s main defenders against oxidative damage
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59
Q

where is vitamin E’s antioxidant effect espeically important?

A
  • in RBC where they are exposed to high conc of O2
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60
Q

what can vitamin E protect against?

A

heart disease

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61
Q

how does vitamin E help protect against heart disease

A
  • may protect low density lipoproteins from ocidation & reduce inflammation
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62
Q

how common is vitamin E deficiency?

A
  • rare
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63
Q

why is vitamin E deficiency rare? (3)

A
  • found in many foods
  • body stores enough vitamin E in fatty tissue to last a long time
  • the cells recycle their working supply of vitamin E
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64
Q

what are 2 examples of where vitamin E deficiency may occur?

A
  • in premature infants before b4 the transfer of vitamin E from mother to baby
  • may also occur in people w extremely low fat dieys
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65
Q

list symptoms of vitamin E deficiency (3)

A
  • hemolysis due to oxidative stress
  • loss of muscle coordination & reflexes
  • impaired movement, vision, and speech
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66
Q

how common is vitamin E toxicity

A
  • rare
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67
Q

when is vitamin E toxicity likely to occur (2)

A

from

  • supplements
  • fortified foods
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68
Q

what can extremely high doses of vitamin E cause

A
  • interfere w clotting action of vit K

- enhance actions of anticoags

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69
Q

list food sources containing vitamin E (5)

A
  • vegetable oils
  • fruits & veggies
  • fortified cereals/grains
  • meats & meat alternatives
  • milk products
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70
Q

what destroys vitamin E? what indiciation does this have?

A
  • heat processing & oxidation destroyts vitamin E

= processed, fast foods, and deep fried foods contains little intact vitamin E
= frsh foods are best source

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71
Q

what iare 2 fnxns of vitamin K (2)

A
  • help synthesize proteins that help clot the blood

- synthesize of key bone proteins

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72
Q

what do anticoagulant meds do

A
  • interfere w the action of vitamin K in promoting clotting
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73
Q

list 1 examples of anticoags

A
  • warfarin/coumadin
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74
Q

how common is vitamin K deficiency

A
  • few north american adults experience it
75
Q

why is vitamin K deficiency less common

A
  • bc vitamin K is synthesized by gut bacteria
76
Q

describe vitamin K synthesize in newborns

A
  • newborns are born w a sterile intestinal tract = takes weeks for vitamin K producing bacteria to establish themselves
77
Q

what else can cause vitamin K deficiency

A
  • antibiotics that kill gut microbiome
78
Q

how do we prevent hemorrhage in newborns

A
  • they are given a dose of vitamin K at birth
79
Q

when does vitamin K toxicity occur

A
  • only in healthy adults

- rare

80
Q

what can high levels of vitamin K interfere w

A
  • anticoagulant effectiveness
81
Q

what are the 2 categories of vitamin K sources

A
  • non-food = intestinal bacteria

- food

82
Q

list food sources of vitamin K (3)

A
  • dark, leafy green veggies (spinach, collard greens)
  • members of cabbage family
  • veggie oils
83
Q

what are the 2 water soluble vitamins

A

B and C

84
Q

describe the absorption of water soluble vitamins

A
  • absorbed directly into the blood
85
Q

describe the trandport & storage of water soluble vitamins

A
  • travel freely in watery fluids

- most are not stored in the body

86
Q

describe the excretion of water soluble vitamins

A
  • readily excreted in the urine
87
Q

describe the toxicity of water soluble vitamins

A
  • unlikely

- but possible w high doses from supplements

88
Q

describe the requirement of water soluble vitamins

A
  • needed frequently (often daily) bc the body dose not store most of them to any extent
89
Q

what do the B vitamins act a (2)s

A
  • coenzymes

- involved in energy metabolism

90
Q

in north america, what is often fortified or enriched w B vitamins

A
  • refined grain products
91
Q

list 7 types of B vitamins

A
  • thiamin
  • riboflavin
  • niacin
  • pantothenic acid & biotin
  • vitamin B6
  • folate
  • B12
92
Q

what if the fnxn of thiamin (3)

A
  • critical role in energy metabolism of all cells
  • occupies a site on nerve cell membranes

= nerve processes & muscles depend heavily on thiamin

93
Q

list food sources of thiamin (4)

A
  • legumes
  • enriched/whole grain cereals
  • sunflower seeds
  • pork
94
Q

what is thiamin deficiency called

A
  • beriberi
95
Q

what is beriberi characterized by (4)

A
  • loss of sensation in the hands & feet
  • muscular weakness
  • advancing paralysis
  • abnormal heart action
96
Q

what is severe thiamin deficiency called

A
  • wernicke-korsakoff syndrome
97
Q

who is wernicke-korsakoff seen in

A
  • those who abuse alcohol
98
Q

why is wernicke-korsakoff often seen in those who abuse alcohol (3)

A
  • displaces food
  • impairs absorption of thiamin from the digestive tract
  • speeds up its excretion in the urine
99
Q

describe thiamin toxicity

A
  • no reported symptoms of thiamin toxicity
100
Q

what is the fnxn of riboflavin (3)

A
  • energy metabolism of all cells

- supports vision & skin health

101
Q

list food sources of riboflavin (3)

A
  • milk products
  • enriched grain products
  • if milk free, generous portions of dark leafy greens
102
Q

who specifically is riboflavin needed in (2)

A
  • pregnant women
  • athletes

who have higher metabolic need

103
Q

what is riboflavin deficiency called

A
  • ariboflavinosis
104
Q

what can cause riboflavin deficiency

A
  • when the diet is deficient in thiamin, it may also be deficient in riboflavin (bc of similar food sources)
105
Q

describe symptoms of ariboflavinosis

A
  • often undetected bc the symptoms of thiamin deficiency are more severe
  • includes cracks at the corner of the mouth & sore throat
106
Q

describe riboflavin toxicity

A
  • no reported symptoms
107
Q

describe the fnxn of niacin

A
  • energy metabolism
108
Q

what is tryptophan

A
  • an amino acid found in most proteins that is converted into niacin
109
Q

what are niacin equivalents? what does it take into account?

A
  • the amt of niacin present in food

- takes into account the niacin that can be converted from the tryptophan present in the food

110
Q

list food sources of niacin

A
  • almost all protein containing foods
111
Q

what is the only protein that is limited in tryptophan

A
  • corn
112
Q

what is niacin deficiency called

A
  • pellagra
113
Q

what causes niacin toxicity

A
  • linked to supplement intake, rather than food
114
Q

describe symptoms of niacin toxicity

A
  • niacin flush

- over time, the body adapts & symptoms resolve

115
Q

what is niacin flush

A
  • dilation of surface capillaries & tingling which may be intense
116
Q

what is one thing that is important to monitor for niacin toxicity

A
  • liver damage

- which can silently occur

117
Q

describe the use of niacin as a med

A
  • can be used to lower blood lipids
118
Q

what is the fnxn of pantothenic acid & biotin

A
  • role in energy metabolism & synthesis
119
Q

list food sources of pantothenic acid & biotin

A
  • widespread in foods
120
Q

describe deficiency of pantothenic acid & biotin

A
  • rare
121
Q

what is the fnxn of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)

A
  • participates in over 100 rxns in body tissues
  • role in metabolism of protein, amino acids, fatty acids, carbs
  • helps convert common amino acids into rare ones like niacin
122
Q

list food sources of vitamin B6 (3)

A
  • meats
  • fish
  • poultry
123
Q

what is vitamin B6 deficiency r/t an increased incidence of?

A
  • heart disease
124
Q

list symptoms of vitamin B6 deficiency (6)

A
  • weakness
  • depression
  • confusion
  • irritability
  • dermatitis
  • anemia
125
Q

describe vitamin B6 toxicity

A
  • large doses from supplements can be dangerous

= numbness & loss of ability to walk

126
Q

what is the fnxn of folate (folic acid)

A
  • important role in cell division
127
Q

which cells are vulnerable to folate deficiency? what does this cause

A
  • cells that divide rapidly

= anemia, GI tract deterioration

128
Q

who is at risk of folate deficiency (5)

A
  • pregnant women
  • adolescents
  • elderly
  • alcoholics
  • smokers
129
Q

why are pregnant women & adolescents at risk of folate deficiency

A
  • rapid development
130
Q

why are older adults at risk of folate deficiency

A
  • many meds interact w folate absorption

- may hvae lowered food intake

131
Q

what are some meds that interact w folate absorption

A
  • antacids
  • aspirin
  • oral contraceptives
  • anticonvulsant meds
132
Q

what is folate deficiency associated w

A
  • neural tube defects

= abnoramlities of the brain & spinal cord apparent at birth

133
Q

who is advised to consume synthetic folate from supplements or enriched foods

A
  • pregnant women
134
Q

list 3 things that are fortified with folate

A
  • white flour
  • enriched pasta
  • corn meal
135
Q

what is a concern with folate supplements

A
  • folate can mask vitamin B12 deficiency by resolving the mcrocytic anemia seen in both folate & B12 deficiency
136
Q

list 8 good sources of folate

A
  • beef liver
  • pinto beans
  • asparagus
  • avacado
  • lentils
  • spinach
  • enriched cereal
  • beets
137
Q

what is the fnxn of vitamin B12 (3)

A
  • required to activate folate to allow it to play its role in cell division
  • maintains the myselin sheath around nerve
    fibre
  • coenzyme in energy & amino acid metabolism
138
Q

what can insufficient vitamin B12 cause

A
  • nerve damage
139
Q

what is vitamin B12 closely realted to

A
  • folate
140
Q

what can vitamin B12 defieicny cause (2)

A
  • anemia (similar to folate deficiency)
  • ## neuromuscular dysfunction
141
Q

what are 2 signs of neuromuscular dysfunction

A
  • creeping paralysis

- general malfunctioning of nerves & muscles

142
Q

what can clear up the anemia r/t vitamin B12 deficiency? what is a con to this

A
  • folate

- but the vitamin B12 deficiency continues undetected

143
Q

what does vitamin B12 require to be absorped

A
  • an intrinsic factor
144
Q

what produces the IF required for vitamin B12 absorption

A
  • the stomach
145
Q

what is anemia due to IF deficiency called

A
  • pernicuous anemia
146
Q

what can increase people’s risk of pernicuous anemia

A
  • aging

- inherited defects in the gene for IF

147
Q

how can aging increase the risk of pernicuous anemia

A
  • as we age, many lose their ability to produce enough stomach acid & IF
148
Q

list food sources of vitamin B12 (2)

A
  • only present in foods of animal origin

- not in foods from plants

149
Q

who may be at a risk of vitamin B12 deficiency

A
  • vegetarians & vegans may be
150
Q

how is vitamin B12 deficiency avoided in vegetarians

A
  • foods are fortified with vitamin B12 (soy beverages, soy meat alternatives)
  • red star yeast
151
Q

who can vitamin B12 deficiency cocur in

A
  • can occur in a pregnant or lactating vegan women’s infant
152
Q

what can a vitamin B12 deficiency during pregnancy cause

A
  • irreversible nervous system damage in the developing fetus
153
Q

what is the function of vitamin C (2)

A
  • imp for a # of functions in the body
  • maintains the CT (helps form collagen)
  • antioxidant
154
Q

describe deficiency of vitamin C

A
  • extremely rare
155
Q

what are signs of vitamin C deficiency (4)

A
  • gums bleed easily
  • capillaries break under the skin = pinpoint hemorrhages
  • symptoms of scurvy
  • impaired wound healing (due to lack of collagen)

lots more in the notes

156
Q

what has caused people to take large doses of vitamin C

A
  • reports of using vitamin C as a nutraceutical (a nutrient as having pharmacological effects)
157
Q

what are some concerns r/t too megadoses of vitamin C (5)

A
  • nausea
  • abdominal cramps
  • diarrhea
  • disruption of anticoag therapies
158
Q

describe our requirement of vitamin C

A
  • not v much

- bc most of the vitamin C in our body is recycled back into the active form for reuse

159
Q

at what point does the body’s pool of vitamin C “overflow”? what does this mean?

A
  • at around 100mg/day

= rest is excreted in the urine

160
Q

what causes decreased vitamin C ? what indication does this have?

A
  • smoking/tobacco

= need more vitamin C to maintain blood vitamin C lvls similar to a non-smoker

161
Q

how does smoking/tobacco deplete the body’s vitamin C

A
  • by producing oxidants
162
Q

list food sources of vitamin C

A
  • fruits & veggies are key sources
  • sweet red pepper
  • brussel sprouts
  • grapefruit
  • sweet potatoe
  • orange juice
  • green peppers
  • broccoli
  • strawberries
  • bok choy
163
Q

what is vitamin C vulnerable to?

A
  • heat

- and is destroyed by O2

164
Q

what are phytochemical

A
  • compounds derived from plants that have biological activity in the body
  • may support health beyond roles of traditional nutrients
165
Q

what are phytochemical

A
  • compounds derived from plants that have biological activity in the body
  • may support health beyond roles of traditional nutrients
166
Q

what is the most effective & safest source of phytochemicals? why?

A
  • food

- there is insufficient evidence on how safe it is to consume phytochemical in conc doses

167
Q

list 3 functions of phytochemicals in the body

A
  • antioxidants
  • flavonoids
  • carotenoids
168
Q

what is an antioxidant

A
  • compounds that protect other compounds from damaging rxns involving oxygen by themselves reacting w oxygen
169
Q

what is a carotenoids

A
  • pigments commonly found in plants & animals
  • powerful antioxidants
  • some have vitamin A activity
170
Q

what are flavonoids

A
  • common & widespread group of phytochemicals
171
Q

what are the physiologic effects of flavonoids

A
  • antioxidant
  • antiviral
  • anticancer
  • yellow pigments in foods
172
Q

what are functional foods

A
  • whole or modified foods that demonstrate physiological benefits
  • or have the ability to reduce chronic disease risk due to the phytochemicals they contain
173
Q

what are modified functional foods

A
  • foods with phytochemicals, nutrients, or other compounds added to them
174
Q

what is an example of modified functional foods

A
  • foods that have plant sterole added to them for cholestrol reduction
    ex. margarine, juices, yogurt
175
Q

what is the benefit of sterols

A
  • may inhibit cholesterol absorption in the small intestine

= lowers blood cholestrol & lower risk of heart disease

176
Q

what are plant sterols

A
  • occur naturally in plant based foods
177
Q

what are some major sources of plant sterols

A
  • veggie oils
  • nuts
  • cereals
  • legumes
178
Q

how do plant sterols lower cholesterol

A
  • eating up to 3 g of plant sterols per day increase the removal of cholesterol from the body
179
Q

when are plant sterols considered a food? natural health product?

A
  • food = when plant sterols are placed in a food product that is intended for normal use as part of the diet
  • NHP = if taken as a supplement
180
Q

what kind of foods are plant sterols allowed to be added to

A
  • spreads
  • mayo
  • margarine
  • salad dressing
  • yogurt
  • veggie and fruit juices
181
Q

how much plant sterols is allowed to be added to foods

A
  • limited # of foods will be allowed to contain up to 1 g of plant sterols/serving
  • 3g can be added without exceeding the upper intake lvl in adults, 1 g for children
182
Q

can plant sterol enriched foods be used w cholesterol lowering meds

A
  • use together should be done in consultation w your doctor

- if on statin treatment, it may require the dosage to be adjusted

183
Q

can plant sterol enriched foods be used by pregnant or breastfeeding women & young children under 5 years of age

A
  • considered safe within the guidelines set by Health Canada
  • but not recommended for children, breastfeeding, or pregnant women
184
Q

why arent plant sterol enriched foods recommended for pregnant or breastfeeding women, or children

A
  • bc they have specific dietary needs & lowering blood cholesterol is not normally a priority

HNSC 2170 (9 decks)

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