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HNSC 2170 > Unit 8: Lifestyle Nutrition > Flashcards

Unit 8: Lifestyle Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

list 5 healthy practices to adopt in preparation of pregnancy

A
  • achieve & maintain a healthy body weight
  • choose an adequate and balanced diet
  • be physically active
  • receive regular medical care
  • avoid harmful substances
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2
Q

describe the effect of diet on fertility

A
  • malnutrition can decrease fertility
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3
Q

what can the ingestion of harmful substances (like drugs, alcohol, cigarretes) cause (4)

A
  • miscarriage
  • abnormalities
  • alter genes or their expression
  • interfere w fertility
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4
Q

what is the most potent predictor future health & survival of an infant

A
  • infant birth weight
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5
Q

what correlates with infant birth weight

A
  • pregnancy weight
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6
Q

how does being underweight correlate to infant birth weight

A
  • causes low birth weight
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7
Q

what are the effects of low infant birth weight (6)

A
  • more likely to contract diseases
  • 40x more likely to die in the first month
  • predispose to obesity, HTN, heart disease
  • low IQ & educational disadvantages
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8
Q

how does being overweight correlate to infant birth weight

A
  • can cause the child to be large for their gestational age
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9
Q

what are the effects of high infant birth weight (3)

A
  • increased difficulty at birth
  • higher incidence of gestational diabetes & HTN
  • increased child’s risk for obesity, heart disease, type 2 DM, asthma
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10
Q

what supplement is recommended for women who are trying to become pregnant

A
  • folate

- which is critical for growth & development

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11
Q

describe calorie needs during the first trimester of pregnancy; how does this change throughout pregnancyt

A
  • does not require any additional calories

- as it progresses, the woman’s need for energy increases

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12
Q

how many extra calories are required during the 2nd trimester? 3rd?

A
  • 2nd = 340

- 3rd = 450

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13
Q

describe protein recommendations during pregnancy; are protein supplements recommended

A
  • slightly higher during 2nd and 3rd trimester

- but protein supplements are not recommended bc they can have negative outcomes for the fetus

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14
Q

describe the DRI recommendations for most vitamins & minerals during pregnancy

A
  • most increase
  • and it recommended that pregnant women consume a prenatal supplement throughout pregnancy & consume a nutrient dense diet
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15
Q

what are nutrients of special interest during pregnancy (7)

A
  • folate
  • vitamin B12
  • vitamin D
  • choline
  • calcium
  • iron
  • zinc
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16
Q

what is the importance of folate in pregnancy

A
  • required to reduce the risk of neural tube defects in the fetus
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17
Q

what is the importance of the neural tube

A
  • critical for formation of the brain & spinal cord
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18
Q

what can occur with low folic acid (2)

A
  • anencephaly (no brain)

- spina bifida

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19
Q

what implication does the importance of folic acid in pregnancy have

A
  • pregnant women are recommended to take folic acid supplements
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20
Q

what is spina bifida

A
  • occurs when the vertebrae of the spine fall fail to close around the spinal cord
    = spinal cord left unprotected
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21
Q

what can vitamin B12 deficiency during pregnancy cause

A
  • irreversible nervous system damage in the developing fetus
  • which is not detected until the baby is born
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22
Q

what is the importance of vitamin D during preganncy

A
  • plays a role in calcium metabolism in the fetus
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23
Q

what is the importance of choline during pregnancy

A
  • vital for cell membranes
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24
Q

describe the quantities of choline during pregnancy

A
  • major quantities are sent to the fetus, which may deplete the mother
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25
Q

what is the importance of calcium during pregancy

A
  • required to ensure proper bone & teeth development in the fetus
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26
Q

describe the quantities of calcium during pregnancy

A
  • massive amts are transferred from mother to fetus = imp to get enough to maintain bone mass in the mother
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27
Q

describe the needs of iron during pregnancy; what implication does this have

A
  • needs greatly increase during pregnancy which are extremely difficult to achieve thru food
    = recommended that pregnant women take supplemental iron
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28
Q

what does zinc deficiency during pregnancy cause

A
  • lead to problems with the growth & development of the fetus
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29
Q

is weight gain or weight loss recommended during pregnancy

A
  • weight gain
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30
Q

why is weight loss not recommended during pregnancy

A
  • weight gain is critical for fetal & maternal wellbeing
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31
Q

what is the recommended weight gain for someone w an underweight BMI

A
  • 28-40 lb
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32
Q

what is the recommended weight gain for someone w a healthy BMI

A
  • 25-35 lbs
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33
Q

what is the recommended weight gain for someone w an overweight BMI

A
  • 15 to 25 lbs
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34
Q

what is the recommended weight gain for someone w an obese BMI

A

11-20 lbs

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35
Q

what are the components of weight gain during pregnancy (8)

A
  • increase breast size
  • increase in mother’s fluid volume
  • placenta
  • increase in blood supply to the placenta
  • amniotic fluid
  • infant
  • increase in size of uterus & supporting muscles
  • mother’s necessary fat stores
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36
Q

some of the weight gained during pregnancy is lost when?? (2)

A
  • at delivery

- and in the weeks following delivery

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37
Q

typically the more weight a woman gains during pregnancy the more….

A
  • weight she will retain after pregnancy
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38
Q

describe physical activity during pregnancy

A
  • physical activity during pregnancy can help to control weight gain
  • but all pregnant women should discuss physical activity with their HCP to make sure the activities are safe
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39
Q

see figure 10-6 in notes for guideline of physical activity during pregnancy, once again too long for cards

A

…

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40
Q

list the “do’s” of physical activity during pregnancy (7)

A
  • exercise reguarly
  • warm up w 5-10 min of light activity
  • do 30 min or more of moderate physical activity
  • cool down for 5-10 min
  • drink water before, during, and after
  • eat enough to support the additional needs of pregnancy plus exercise
  • rest adequately
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41
Q

list the “dont’s” of physical activity during pregnancy (8)

A
  • dont exercise vigorously after long periods of inactivity
  • dont exercise in hot, human weather
  • dont exercise when sick w fever
  • dont stand motionless for prolonged periods
  • dont exercise while lying on ur back after the 1st trimester
  • dont exercise if u experience pain or discomfort
  • dont participate in jerky, bouncy movements or ones that harm the abdomen
  • dont scuba dive
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42
Q

list 4 common nutriton-related concerns during pregnancy

A
  • food cravings & aversions
  • morning sickness
  • heartburn
  • constipation
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43
Q

are cravings during pregnancy considered physiological needs?

A
  • no
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44
Q

what are some things people may crave during pregnancy (3); what is this known as

A 
non-food items:
- soil
- clay
- ice
= pica
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45
Q

what is pica associated w

A
  • iron deficiency
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46
Q

what causes morning sickness during pregnancy

A
  • hormonal changes
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47
Q

what time of day can pregnancy related nausea occur? when does it peak & resolve?

A
  • any time of the day (despite the name)

- peaks at 9 weeks & resolves within 1 month or 2

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48
Q

is nausea & vomiting during pregnancy harmful to the mother or fetus?

A
  • no
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49
Q

list a few strategies to help reduce nausea & vomiting during pregnancy
( see notes for whole list, its very long)

A
  • arise slowly when walking
  • eat dry toast or crackers
  • chew gum or suck on hard candies
  • eat small, frequent meals
  • avoid foods w offensive odors
  • do not drink citrus juice, water, milk, coffee or tea when nauseated
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50
Q

what are 2 treatments for persistent morning sickeness

A
  • vitamin B6

- pyridoxine/doxylamine (Diclectin) = combo of vitamin B6 and doxylamine succinate

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51
Q

at what point does vomitting & nausea related to pregnancy become severe/abnormal (3)

A
  • if it causes you to miss meals
  • having trouble getting thru normal activities
  • or causing lost weight
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52
Q

what are 3 safe meds for NV during pregnancy

A
  • dimenhydrinate
  • metoclopramide
  • phenothiazines
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53
Q

how does pregnancy cause heartburn

A
  • acid from the stomach may be pushed into the esophagus as the growing fetus puts pressure on the women’s stomach
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54
Q

what are some strategies to prevent or relieve heartburn in pregnancy (8)

A
  • relax & eat slowly
  • chew food thoroughly
  • eat small, frequent meals
  • drink liquids between meals
  • avoid spicy or greasy foods
  • sit up while eating
  • wait an hour after eating before lying down
  • wait 2 hrs after eating to exercise
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55
Q

how does pregnancy cause constipation

A
  • pregnancy hormones can cause some women to experience constipation
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56
Q

what are some strategies to prevent or allieve constipation during pregnancy (6)

A
  • engage in physical activity
  • fluid
  • fibers
  • respond to the urge to defecate
  • use laxatives only prescribed by the physician
  • avoid mineral oil that carries needed fat-soluble vitamins out of the body
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57
Q

list 4 health concerns during pregnancy

A
  • pre-existing diabetes
  • gestational diabetes
  • HTN
  • preeclampsia
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58
Q

describe the importance of blood sugar control during pregnancy

A
  • excellent BG control is associated w lowest risk of complications
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59
Q

what negative affects may occur without proper management of diabetes during pregnancy (4)

A
  • high infertility rates
  • pregnancy related HTN
  • severe hypo/hyperglycemia during pregnancy
  • infants may be large & have physical or mental abnormalities
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60
Q

describe management of type 1 diabetes during pregnancy

A
  • requires intensive insulin therapy with adjustments made every few weeks
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61
Q

describe management of type 2 diabetes during pregnancy

A
  • typically switched to insulin therapy
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62
Q

what is gestational diabetes

A
  • type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy
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63
Q

when does gestational diabetes resolve

A
  • once the baby is born
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64
Q

what individuals who develop gestational diabetes at a higher risk of later in life?

A
  • developing type 2 DM
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65
Q

what does gestational diabetes typically correlate to

A
  • high infant birth weight
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66
Q

what are the affects of high BP during pregnancy

A
  • can cause risks for the mothers & fetus
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67
Q

what is gestational HTN

A
  • HTN that occurs at the 20th week of gestation or later

- returns to normal within weeks after child birth

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68
Q

what is chronic HTN

A
  • sustained HTN before 20 weeks of gestation
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69
Q

what is preeclampsia

A
  • pregnancy complication characterized by HTN and protein in the urine
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70
Q

what is the effect of preeclampsia

A
  • can affect the mother’s organs
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71
Q

what is the cure for preeclampsia

A
  • delivery of the baby
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72
Q

what is preeclampsia one of the leading causes of

A
  • preetern delivery
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73
Q

list S&S of preeclampsia (8)

A
  • HTN
  • protein in the urine
  • upper abdominal pain
  • severe HA
  • swelling of hands, feet, and face
  • vomitting
  • blurred vision
  • sudden weight gain
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74
Q

list 10 practices to avoid during pregnancy

A
  • smoking
  • medicinal drugs & herbal supplements
  • street drugs
  • enviro contaminants
  • food borne illness
  • high doses of vitamin or mineral suppplements
  • restrictive dieting
  • high doses of approved sugar substitutes
  • high doses of caffeine
  • alcohol
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75
Q

why should smoking be avoided during pregnancy (4)

A
  • toxic to fetus
  • restricts blood supply
  • damages blood vessels
  • small birthweight infant
76
Q

why should medicinal drugs & herbal supplements & teas be avoided during pregnancy (2)

A
  • can cause birth defects

- few herbal supplements have been tested for safe use during pregnancy

77
Q

why should street drugs be avoided during pregnancy (3)

A
  • easily cross the placental barrier
  • cause CNS damage
  • cause pregnancy complications
78
Q

what is 1 environmental contaminants to avoid during pregnancy

A
  • methyl mercury
79
Q

how can methyl mercury be transfered to the infant (2)

A
  • can be passed from the maternal blood to the developing fetus by crossing the placental barrier
  • thru breast milk
80
Q

what is the danger associated w methyl mercury

A
  • can accumulate in the unborn baby’s blood at conc higher than the conc in the mother
81
Q

what effect can chronic fish consumption have on the infant (5)

A 
may appear normal during the first few months of life
later get :
- IQ deficits
- abnormal muscle tone
- reduced motor function
- lowered attention span
- HTN
82
Q

which types of fish have the highest lvls of mercury; list 7 examples

A

fish that have lived longer including:

  • frozen/fresh tuna
  • canned albacore tuna
  • shark
  • swordfish
  • marlin
  • orange roughy
  • escolar
83
Q

what is one particular food borne illness of concern during pregnancy ?

A

listeriosis

84
Q

what is listeriosis

A
  • serious infection caused by eating food that is contaminated w Listeria monocytogenes
85
Q

what are the effects of listeriosis during pregnancy (3)

A
  • miscarriage
  • still birth
  • severe infection in the fetus
86
Q

what should pregnant women avoid consumption of to reduce the risk of contracting listeriosis (6)

A
  • unpasteurized juices & dairy products
  • hotdogs, deli meats, or luncheon meats unless they are heated til steaming hot
  • undercooked meats, fish, poultry, or eggs
  • unwashed fruits & veggies
  • refrigerated pates or meat spreads
  • smoked fish
87
Q

what particular vitamin should pregnant women avoid high doses of

88
Q

what is the effect of restrictive eating during pregnancy

A
  • can deprive the fetal brain
89
Q

what is the recommended caffeine intake during pregnancy

A
  • 2-8 ounces of coffee/day
90
Q

what can excess caffeine intake cause (3)

A
  • increased risk of miscarriage
  • low birth weight
  • fetal death
91
Q

what can alcohol consumption during pregnancy cause

A
  • a variety of symptoms known as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
92
Q

what is the safe amt of alcohol that can be consumed during pregnancy

A
  • there is no known safe amt
93
Q

the govmt of canada promotes exclusively breast feeding for how long?

A
  • the first 6 months
94
Q

how long does the gvmt of canada promote the continuation of breast feeding while complimentary foods are being introduced

A
  • for two years or longer
95
Q

what are the benefits for breast feeding for the infant (8)

A
  • provides approp composition & balance of nutrients
  • provides hormones
  • improves cognitive development
  • protects against illness & infection
  • may protect against some chronic diseases
  • protects against food allergies
  • supports healthy weight
  • reduced risk of SIDS
96
Q

what are the benefits of breastfeeding for mothers (5)

A
  • contracts the uterus
  • delays the return of regular ovulation = lengthened birth interval
  • conserves iron stores (by prolonged amenorrhea)
  • may protect against breast & ovarian cancer
  • may reduce risk of type 2 DM
97
Q

what are misc. benefits of breastfeeding (3)

A
  • cost & time savings from not needing to purchase formula
  • cost & time savings from not needing medical treatment for childhood illness or having to leave for to care for sick infants
  • enviro savings from not needing to manufacture, package, & ship formula & dispose of packaging
98
Q

describe calorie needs during lactation

A
  • require ~330 additional calories per day during the first half year
  • 400 during the next half year
99
Q

describe how weight loss impacts lactation

A
  • gradual weight loss as a result of healthy eating & physical activity is safe & should not affect milk production
  • UNLESS it exceeds 1 lb per week
100
Q

what are nutritional deficiencies likely to effect regarding lactation

A
  • more likely to affect quantity vs quality
101
Q

how do lactating women avoid dehydration during lactation

A
  • aim to consume ~13 cups of fluids per day
102
Q

describe the effect of foods on breast milk

A
  • some foods may alter the taste

- but foods do not to be avoided unless they are noted to cause discomfort to the infant

103
Q

why doesn’t nutritional deficiencies have a big impact of quality of milk?

A
  • milk quality is maintained at the expense of maternal stores
104
Q

provide an example of how a nutrient deficiency can impact the mother during lactation

A
  • dietary calcium has no effect on the calcium composition of breast milk
  • maternal bones lose some of their density during lactation if calcium intakes are inadequate
105
Q

what nutrients in breast milk are most likely to decline in response to prolonged inadequate intakes? (4)

A

vitamins, specifically

  • B6
  • B12
  • A
  • D
106
Q

what should breastfeeding women avoid intake of during lactation (3)? why?

A
  • alcohol
  • tobacco
  • street drugs

bc they can be passed to the infant thru breat milk or may impair breast milk production

107
Q

what should breastfeeding women use cautiously while breastfeeding (2)? why

A
  • meds
  • herbal products
  • can pass thru breast milk
108
Q

what is important for breastfeeding women to moderate during pregnancy

A
  • caffeine

- can cause wakefulness in the infant

109
Q

at what point does alcohol content peak in breast milk? what effect does it have on the infant

A
  • after one hour

- overwhelms the infant liver

110
Q

describe the importance of nutrition during the first year of life

A
  • has a direct impact on the growth of infants

- bc growth is most rapid during the first year

111
Q

a healthy child will have achieved..

A
  • half of their adult height by age 2
112
Q

what 2 things indicate the requirement of abundant nutrients during infancy

A
  • high BMR

- period of rapid growth

113
Q

what provides the sole nutrition for infants in their first 6 months of life

A
  • break milk or formula
114
Q

what is one nutrient that breast milk does not provide to infants ? what implication does this have

A
  • vitamin D

= breastfed infants are recommended to take vitamin D supplementation

115
Q

what does breast milk produce that helps protect the infant from infection

A
  • colostrum –> serum w antibodies & WBC
116
Q

describe the nutrients within formula

A
  • very closely mimic the nutrient content of breast milk

- but have vitamin D added to them

117
Q

what is the first recommendation for when a child cannot breast feed? what is another alternative

A
  • pumped breast milk

- alternative: pastueurized human milk from a screened donor

118
Q

what type of formula is recommended for an infant who is not exclusively fed breastmilk

A
  • cow milk-based
119
Q

when is soy-based infant formula indicated (2)

A
  • only for infants who have galactosemia

- or if they cannot consume dairy-based products for cultural & religious reasons

120
Q

what should we discourage the use of for infants

A
  • home-made, evaporated milk formula

- cow milk, goat milk, soy & rice beverage should not be given to young infants

121
Q

describe how to prepare ready to feed formula

A
  • clean hands
  • sterilize items for feeding by boiling
  • shake can & open w sterile can opener
  • divide into bottle the size of each serving size
  • prepare only the amt you’ll use in 24 hrs
  • store cold
122
Q

describe how to prepare powdered infant formula

A
  • clean & sterilize
  • run water for 2 min to get rid of standing water
  • bring new water to a boil for 2 min (do not use a microwave)
  • cool to 70 degrees F
  • mix w formula
123
Q

describe how to prepare liquid conc infant formula

A
  • same steps as powdered but let cool to room temp
124
Q

what is not an appropriate substitute for breast milk for infants under 12 months

A
  • cow’s milk
125
Q

it is recommended to delay the into of cow’s milk until the child is…

A

9-12 months of age

126
Q

it is recommended to delay the into of solid foods until what age

A
  • 6 months of age, or when an infant shows readiness
127
Q

describe infant nutrition from birth to 6 mo

A
  • breastfeeding & vitamin D supplement
128
Q

describe infant nutrition from 6-12 mo of age

A

same as before but:

- add solid food (preferably iron rich)

129
Q

why is iron rich food preferred for an infant between 6-12 months old

A

supports development

130
Q

describe the transition to cow milk as ur child’s main milk source; when, what kind, etc.

A
  • between 9-12 months old
  • before 2 years of age
  • start w homogenized (3.25)
  • do not offer skin or partly skimmed
131
Q

describe the transition for fortified soy beverage as ur child’s main milk source

A
  • wait til 2 years old
132
Q

describe nutrition from 12-24 months of age

A
  • give variety of foods from the food groups
  • breastfeed as long as you or the kid wants
  • higher fat foods are imp source of energy
  • limit fruit-juice & sweetened beverahes
133
Q

how much milk should you offer for an infant 12-24 months if you are no longer breastfeeding? how much should you limit them to>

A

500 mL each day (of homogenized)

- limit to 750 mL per day

134
Q

why is it important to establish a healthy eating foundation early in a child’s life

A
  • the eating patterns parents establish for kids are usually the eating patterns they will carry through their teenage & adult years
135
Q

list the parent’s mealtime responsibilities for children (7)

A
  • discourage unacceptable behavior by removing them from the table
  • let them explore & enjoy food (use hands)
  • dont force food
  • limit sweets & empty kcals
  • provide nutritious foods
  • let the child decide which ones & how much they will eat
  • make mealtimes enjoyable
136
Q

is weight loss recommended for children? why or why not>

A

no

  • they are actively growing
  • if concerned, talk to ur dr
  • an unhealthy approach to weight loss can harm ur child’s physical & mental well-being
137
Q

do children require vitamin/mineral supplements

A
  • not if they are eating a variety of foods

- it best if they get their nutrients from food

138
Q

what is the caffeine limit for children 4-6 years old

A

45 mg per day (~1 335 mL can of pop)

139
Q

what is the caffeine limit for children 7-9 years old

A
  • 62.5 mg per day ( 1 and a half cans of 355mL pop)
140
Q

what is the caffeine limit for children 10-12 years old

A
  • no more than 75 mg per day (almost 2 cans of 355 mL pop)
141
Q

what is the caffeine limit for children 13 years & older

A
  • no more than 2.5 mg per kg of body weight per day
142
Q

compare a child’s carb & fibre intake (by % of total intake) to an adults

A
  • the same after age 1
143
Q

describe how energy & protein needs change w age

A
  • need per kg of body weight decrease as we age
144
Q

describe how vitamin & mineral needs change as we age

145
Q

what does hunger result in, in children (3)

A
  • irritability
  • apathy
  • inattention
146
Q

what type of deficiency is linked to inattention

A
  • iron deficiency
147
Q

other nutritional deficiencies can have what kind of manifestations?

A
  • behavioral
148
Q

describe the consistency of a child’s daily food intake

A
  • very consistent

= eating less in one meal typically means theyll eat more at another

149
Q

what type of mass do males see a change in during adolescence? women?

A
  • men = increase in lean muscle mass

- women = increase in fat mass

150
Q

what is adolescence marked by?

A
  • a period of steady growth , which is directed by change in hormone
151
Q

what type of deficiency is common in adolescence

152
Q

what becomes a more apparent problem in adolescents? what are the consequemces?

A
  • obesity

= social consequences & extremely restrictive diets

153
Q

why do iron needs increase for females & males during adolescence?

A
  • female = due to menstruation

- male = as a support for lean body mass development

154
Q

what is another common issue during adolescence

A
  • low calcium

- necessary to correct for optimal bone health

155
Q

what may lead to weight gain in adolescents (2)

A
  • breakfast skipping

- eating fast foods

156
Q

how can skipping breakfast lead to weight gain

A
  • eating breakfast improves satiety & reduces hunger & the desire to eat throughout the day
157
Q

what can impact bone density during adolescence? why?

A
  • high consumption of soft drinks

- it displaces consumption of substances like milk

158
Q

what are the 5 steps to healthy eating for youth aged 12-18

A
  1. eat meals w family, 3 per day, and follow the canada food guide
  2. pack & plan healthy lunches
  3. listen to ur body hunger & satiety cues
  4. create an enviro which supports healthy eating
  5. be physically active
159
Q

following a healthy lifestyle may impact… (2)

A
  • life expectancy

- quality of life

160
Q

what key lifestyle components play a role in a healthy lifestyle (6)

A
  • nutrition
  • physical activity
  • maintaining adequate body weight
  • abstaining from smoking
  • limiting alcohol intake
  • getting adequate sleep
161
Q

what are the benefits to a diet rich in antioxidants (4)

A

help reduce risk of developing certain health conditions that have been shown to be nutrition related such as

  • cataracts
  • macular degeneration
  • arthritis
  • dementias
162
Q

how does a healthy diet reduce the risk of arthritis

A
  • obesity is common among peopel w arthritis bc it puts more stress on joints
163
Q

which vitamins impact dementia? how (3)?

A
  • B vitamins folate, B6, and B12 slow brain strophy, and promote cognition & memory
164
Q

what types of risk factors are associated w development of alzeimers

A
  • cardiovascular disease risk factors

- diets that supports a healthy heart support a healthy brain

165
Q

what is a benefit of physical activity on cognition

A
  • slows cognitive decline
166
Q

what changes to the mouth occur during aging affect nutrition? (3)

A
  • tooth loss
  • gum disease
  • reduced salivary output
167
Q

how do changes to the mouth affect nutrition (3)

A
  • impede chewing & swallowing
  • swallowing disorders & choking become more likely
  • discomfort & pain associated w eating may reduce food intake
168
Q

what changes to the digestive tract during aging affect nutrition (4)

A
  • intestines lose muscle strength
  • stomach inflammation
  • abnormal bacterial growth
  • reduced acid output
169
Q

how do changes to the digestive tract affect nutrition (3)

A
  • loss of muscle strength = sluggish motility & increased risk of constipation
  • impaired digestion & absorption
  • pain may cause food avoidance
170
Q

what changes to hormones effect nutrition

A
  • the pancreas secretes less insulin & cells become less responsive
    = abnormal glucose metabolism
171
Q

what changes to sensory organs during aging affect nutrition

A
  • diminished sense of smell & taste

- diminished sight

172
Q

how does diminished sense of smell & taste during aging affect nutrition

A
  • can reduce appetite
173
Q

how does diminished sight during aging affect nutrition

A
  • can make food prep and shopping difficult
174
Q

what changes to body composition occur during aging that effect nutrition and how

A
  • weight loss & decline in lean body mass = lowered energy requirement
175
Q

what changes to the urinary tract during aging affect nutrition and how?

A
  • increased urinary freq = limit fluid intake
176
Q

what are 8 signs of/risk factors malnutrition in older adults

A
  • poor appetite
  • problems w chewing or swallowing
  • loss of taste or smell
  • unintentional weight loss
  • depression/anxiety/dementia
  • difficulty getting or prepping meals
  • not enough money for food
  • eating alone
177
Q

what is a concern regarding water for older adults

A
  • lack of thirst & decreased total body water make dehydration likely
178
Q

what is a commmon sign of mild dehydration in older adults

179
Q

describe how energy needs change w aging

A
  • need decreases as muscle mass decreases = sarcopenia
180
Q

describe protein needs during aging

A
  • may be the same

- or increase to protect againt sarcopenia

181
Q

what is a nutrional concern regarding calcium for aging adults

A
  • intakes may be low

= increased risk of osteoporosis

182
Q

what is a concern regarding vitamin B12 for aging adults

A
  • atrophic gastritis is common which leads to poor absorption of vitamin B12
183
Q

what is a concern regarding zinc for aging adults

A
  • intakes are often inadequate & absorption may be poor

- but deficiency may depression appetite & blunt taste = worsened problem

184
Q

what is a concern regarding vitamin D for older adults

A
  • increased likelihood of inadequate intake
  • skin synthesis declines
  • daily sunlight exposure may be beneficial
185
Q

table 12-4 in the notes has some more info on nutrient concerns of aging

HNSC 2170 (9 decks)

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