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HNSC 2170 > Unit 6: Water and Minerals > Flashcards

Unit 6: Water and Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

which nutrient do we need the most

A

water

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2
Q

how long can you survive without water

A
  • few days
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3
Q

describe the functions of water in the body (7)

A
  • carries nutrients & waste products throughout the body
  • maintains the structure of large molecules
  • participates in metabolic rxns
  • solvent
  • maintains blood volume
  • regulates body temp
  • acts as a lubricant & cushions
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4
Q

list 2 large molecules that water helps maintain the structure of

A
  • proteins

- glycogen

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5
Q

what does water serve as the solvent of (4)

A
  • minerals
  • vitamins
  • amino acids
  • glucose
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6
Q

how does water aid in the regulation of normal body temp

A
  • evaporation of sweat from the skin removes excess heat from the body
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7
Q

what does water act as a lubricant for (4)

A
  • around joints
  • in the eyes
  • spinal cord
  • amniotic sac surrounding a fetus
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8
Q

how is water excretion regulated (3)

A
  • by the brain & kidneys thru:
  • ADH
  • renin
  • aldo
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9
Q

a healthy body excretes a minimum of how much water daily? why

A
  • 500 mL

- sufficient to clear metabolic waste

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10
Q

what do water requirements depend on

A
  • size
  • enviro
  • activity
  • etc.
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11
Q

what is the AI of water intake for men? women?

A
  • men = 3.7 L

- women = 2.7 L

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12
Q

what can imbalances of water intake and excretion cause (2)?

A
  • dehydration

- water intoxication

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13
Q

what is the role of the hypothalamus in water intake

A
  • mediates thirst & the urge to drink

- which is based on the conc of blood with solutes

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14
Q

how does thirst change with age

A
  • sensation of thirst decreases
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15
Q

list 3 sources of water

A
  • liquids
  • foods
  • metabolic water
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16
Q

list 4 sources of water loss

A
  • kidneys (urine)
  • skin (sweat)
  • lungs (breath)
  • GI tract (feces)
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17
Q

what is considered mild dehydration

A
  • loss of <5% body weight
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18
Q

what is considered severe dehydration

A
  • loss of >5% body weight
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19
Q

list signs of mild dehydration (lotssss, 13)

A
  • thirst
  • sudden weight loss
  • rough, dry skin
  • dry mouth, throat, body linings
  • rapid pulse
  • low bp
  • low energy/weakness
  • impaired kidney function
  • reduced quanity & concentrated of urine
  • decreased mental functioning
  • decreased muscular work
  • fever
  • fainting
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20
Q

list signs of severe dehydration (9)

A
  • pale skin
  • bluish lips & fingertips
  • confusion/disorientation
  • rapid, shallow breathing
  • weak, rapid, irreg pulse
  • thickening of blood
  • shock
  • seizures
  • coma, death
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21
Q

what organ plays an important role in fluid, electrolyte balance, and acid-base

A

the kidneys

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22
Q

what is the importance of fluid & electrolyte balance (2)

A
  • maintains water conc
  • prevents edema
  • and others
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23
Q

list 6 causes of fluid & electrolyte imbalance

A
  • vomiting
  • diarrhea
  • heavy sweating
  • fever
  • burns
  • wounds
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24
Q

what are minerals

A
  • naturally occurring, inorganic, essential, chemical elements
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25
Q

what are considered major minerals

A
  • minerals found in the body in amts larger than 5 g
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26
Q

what are considered trace minerals

A
  • minerals found in the body in amts less than 5 g
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27
Q

list 7 examples of major minerals

A
  • calcium
  • chloride
  • magnesium
  • phosphorus
  • potassium
  • sodium
  • sulfur
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28
Q

list 9 examples of trace minerals

A
  • chromium
  • copper
  • fluoride
  • iodine
  • iron
  • manganese
  • molybdenum
  • selenium
  • zinc
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29
Q

how are major minerals expressed

A
  • in mg or grams
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30
Q

how are trace minerals expressed

A
  • mg or micrograms
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31
Q

describe the requirement for major & trace minerals

A
  • both are needed, but in diff amounts
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32
Q

what are shortfall nutrients

A
  • nutrients that tend to be deficienct in many people
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33
Q

list 4 examples of shortfall nutrients

A
  • calcium
  • magnesium
  • iron
  • potassium
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34
Q

which nutrients is often overconsumed

A
  • sodium
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35
Q

what is sodium

A
  • a positievly charged ion that is used to maintain the volume of fluid outside cells
  • major mineral
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36
Q

what is the DRI recommendation for sodium? what does the average canadian consume?

A
  • DRI = 1500 mg

- average = over 2700

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37
Q

list the functions of sodium (4)

A
  • primary regulator of ECF
  • essential to muscle contraction
  • nerve transmission
  • helps maintain acid-base balance
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38
Q

list food sources of sodium (3)

A
  • salt
  • soy sauce
  • processed foods
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39
Q

list symptoms associated with sodium deficiency (3)

A
  • muscle cramps
  • mental apathy
  • loss of appetite
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40
Q

what is a sign of sodium toxicity

A
  • HTN
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41
Q

see box 9-1 in the notes for strategies to cut salt intake

A
  • kinda obvious tho
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42
Q

what can lead to HTN

A
  • high intakes of sodium
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43
Q

world-wide, populations with high salt intakes experience higher rates of… (3)

A
  • HTN
  • CVD
  • cerebral hemorrhage
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44
Q

what is one proven dietary approach to help people lower than Na intake & increase their K intake

A

DASH diet

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45
Q

what does the DASH diet encourage

A
  • diet that encourages potassium rich foods
  • whole grains
  • fruits & veggies
  • nuts
  • poultry
  • fish
  • fat free or low fat milk products
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46
Q

what does the DASH diet discourage

A
  • red & processed meats
  • sweets
  • sugar containing drinks
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47
Q

what is another strategy to that helps lower BP

A
  • regular physical activity
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48
Q

what is another benefit of the DASH diet

A
  • can lower LDLs = cardioprotective
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49
Q

what are other tips for individuals on the DASH eating plan (5)

A
  • keep active
  • stay within alcohol limits
  • quit smoking
  • lower stress lvls
  • adhere to BP meds
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50
Q

describe how the DASH diet plan works

A
  • suggests a certain # of servings from each food category based on 3 different calorie lvl diets
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51
Q

what is chloride

A
  • a major negative ion
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52
Q

what are the fnxns of chloride (3)

A
  • accompanies sodium in the fluids outside the cells
  • helps maintain fluid & electrolyte balances
  • maintains acid-base balance
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53
Q

what is chloride a part of? what role does this have?

A
  • part of hydrochloric acid (HCl)
    = maintains the strong acidity of the stomach
    = necessary for proper digestion
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54
Q

describe chloride deficiency

A
  • does not occur under normal circumstances
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55
Q

describe chloride toxicity (2)

A
  • normally harmless

- can cause vomitting

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56
Q

list food sources of chloride (4)

A
  • main source is salt
  • soy sauce
  • moderate amts in whole, unprocessed foods
  • large amts in processed foods
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57
Q

what effect does dehydration on potassium

A
  • causes the loss of potassium from inside cells
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58
Q

why is the loss of potassium from cells dangerous

A
  • once cells of the brain lose potassium, they lose the ability to detect the need for fluids
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59
Q

what impact does the relationship between dehydration & K+ have on the administration of diuretics

A
  • only take under dr supervision

- and the pt should be encouraged to eat potassium rich foods to compensate for losses

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60
Q

list food sources of potassium (7)

A
  • fresh, whole foods
  • veggies
  • fruits
  • legumes
  • meats
  • milk
  • grains
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61
Q

what effect does processing have on K+

A
  • processing causes potassium loss
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62
Q

what impact does K have on BP

A
  • low K+ intake can cause HTN

- high K+ intake can prevent or correct HTN

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63
Q

what is the main fnxn of potassium (5)

A
  • maintains fluid & electrolyte balance
  • cell integrity
  • role in nerve transmission
  • muscle contraction
  • critical for heart function
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64
Q

what are signs of moderate K+ deficiency (4)

A
  • elevated BP
  • increased salt sensiivity
  • increased risk of kidney stones
  • increased bone turnover
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65
Q

what are signs of severe K+ deficiency (3)

A
  • cardiac arrhythmias
  • muscle weakness
  • glucose intol
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66
Q

what are signs of K+ toxicity (3)

A
  • muscle weakness
  • trigger vomitting
  • if given into a vein, can stop the heart
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67
Q

how long does active bone growth occur

A

from birth to ~ age 20

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68
Q

who is the DRI recommendations for calcium higher in? why?

A
  • children & adolescents

- to help achieve peak bone mass

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69
Q

what is osteoporosis

A
  • reduction in bone mass where the bones become porous & fragile
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70
Q

osteoporosis is a result of…

A
  • result calcium deficiency
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71
Q

who is osteroporosis more common in? why? (3)

A
  • women
  • less calcium in diet
  • loss after menopause
  • lower bone mass from the start
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72
Q

what does osteoporosis cause later in life

A
  • fractures
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73
Q

list nonmodifiable risk factors for osteoporosis (8)

A
  • female
  • older age
  • small frame
  • caucasian, asian, hispanic/latino heritage
  • FHx
  • personal history of fractures
  • estrogen deficiency in women
  • testosterone deficiency in men
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74
Q

list modifiable factors of osteoporosis (7)

A
  • sedentary lifestyle
  • inadequate calcium & vitamin D
  • excessive sodium & caffeine
  • alcohol abuse
  • smoking
  • low body weight
  • certain med
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75
Q

list 2 meds that are a risk factor for osteoporosis

A
  • glucocorticoids

- anticonvulsants

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76
Q

what is the most abundant mineral in the body

A
  • calcium
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77
Q

where is most of calcium stored?

A
  • bones
  • teeth
  • 1% in fluids inside and outside of cells
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78
Q

what do blood calcium lvls look like during osteoporosis? why?

A
  • will never appear low
  • if diet is not adequate in calcium, the body will maintain blood calcium lvls by taking calcium from the bones
    = osteoporosis
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79
Q

what are the roles of the calcium in body fluids (7)

A
  • transport of ions across cell membranes
  • nerve transmission
  • maintain normal bp
  • role in clotting blood
  • muscle contraction –> heartbeat
  • secretion of hormones, digestive enzymes, nt
  • activates cellular enzymes
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80
Q

what are signs of calcium deficiency symptoms

A
  • stunted growth in children

- adult bone loss (osteoporosis)

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81
Q

what are signs of calcium toxicity symptoms (4)

A
  • constipation
  • increased risk of kidney stone formation
  • kidney dysfunction
  • interference w absorption of other minerals
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82
Q

list food sources of calcium

A
  • milk & milk products
  • oysters
  • small fish (w bones, like sardines & salmon)
  • tofu
  • some leafy greens
  • legumes
  • calcium fortified juices
  • fortified soy beverages
83
Q

describe the role of spinach & swiss chard with calcium

A
  • contains binders which make them poorly absorbed
84
Q

what is a factor that affects calcium absorption

A
  • vitamin D deficiency
85
Q

what is the second most abundant mineral in the body

A
  • phosphorus
86
Q

what is phosphorus commonly bound to

A
  • calcium as part of bone
87
Q

what is the fnxn of phosphorus (4)

A
  • mineralization of bones & teeth
  • important in cells’ genetic material (DNA and RNA)
  • in cell membranes as phospholipids
  • in transfer & buffering systems
88
Q

list food sources of phosphorus

A
  • dairy products
  • animal products (beef, fish, poultry, eggs)
  • legumes
89
Q

describe phosphorus deficiency

A
  • unknown

- the body’s needs for phosphorus is easily met by almost any diet

90
Q

describe symptoms of phosphorus toxicity

A
  • calcification of nonskeletal tissues

- particularly the kidneys

91
Q

where is over half of magnesium stored? what does this mean?

A
  • in bones

= when blood lvls are low, the body can borrow from the bone stores of magnesium

92
Q

what else works to conserve magnesium

A
  • kidneys
93
Q

what is the fnxn of magnesium (6)

A
  • critical for enzyme functions
  • create proteins
  • release energy
  • works w calcium in muscle contraction
  • bone mineralization
  • nerve impulse transmission
94
Q

list symptoms of magnesium deficiency (3)

A
  • low blood calcium
  • muscle cramps
  • confusion
95
Q

what are signs of severe magnesium deficiency

A
  • seizures
  • bizarre movements
  • hallucinations
  • difficulty in swallowing
  • in children = growth failure
96
Q

what are signs of magnesium toxicity

A

from nonfood sources:

  • diarrhea
  • nausea
  • abdominal cramps
  • acid-base imbalance
  • potassium depletion
97
Q

list food sources of magnesium

A
  • nuts
  • legimes (ex. black beans)
  • whole grains
  • dark green veggies (ex. spinach)
  • seafood
  • chocolate & cocoa
98
Q

describe the effect of processing on magnesium; what indication does this mean

A
  • easily washed & peeled awar from foods during processing

= whole foods are better sources

99
Q

magnesium deficiency may be related to… (4)

A
  • CVD
  • heart attacks
  • HTN
  • may increase the risk of disease development
100
Q

what causes magnesium toxicity

A
  • non-food sources such as supplements or magnesium salts
101
Q

what are the fnxns of sulfate

A
  • synthesis of sulfur-containing compounds

- part of the hormone insulin

102
Q

list examples of sulfur-containing examples

A
  • amino acids that form protein in skin, hair, and nails
  • antioxidants
  • B vitamins (biotin & thiamin)
103
Q

describe sulfate toxicity

A
  • would only occur is sulfar amino acids were eaten in excess
104
Q

what are food sources of sulfate

A
  • protein containing foods:
  • meat
  • fish
  • poultry
  • eggs
  • milk
  • legumes
  • nits
105
Q

describe sulfate deficiency

A
  • none known

- protein deficiency would occur first

106
Q

where is iron stored & where is it sent to? what does it make?

A
  • stored in the body in the bone marrow

- sent to the liver where it is packed into RBC & sent to the bloodstream

107
Q

what happens when RBC die

A
  • spleen & liver break them down, salvage the iron, and send the iron back the bone marrow for storage
108
Q

what can extreme iron deficiency result in

A
  • iron deficiency anemia
109
Q

what is the most common nutrient deficiency

A
  • iron deficiency
110
Q

list symptoms of iron deficiency

A
  • anemia
  • weakness
  • pallor
  • HA
  • reduced work productivity
  • inability to conc
  • impaired cognitive function
  • lowered cold tolerance
  • pica
111
Q

what are the fnxns of iron in the body

A
  • part of the protein Hgb
  • part of the protein myoglobin
  • necessary for utilization of energy
112
Q

what is the fnxn of hgb

A
  • carries O2 in the blood
113
Q

what is the fnxn of myoglobin

A
  • makes O2 available for muscle contraction
114
Q

what is pica

A
  • craving dirt
115
Q

why does pica occur with iron deficiency

A
  • bc the body is craving iron

- some soils contain iron

116
Q

describe iron toxicity

A
  • iron is toxic in large amounts

- once it is absorbed into the body, it is difficult to get rid of

117
Q

how does the healthy body protect itself from iron toxicity

A
  • by controlling iron’s entry
118
Q

what is iron overload called?

A
  • hemochromatosis
119
Q

what occurs with hemochromatosis

A
  • lrg genetic component

- the intestinal tract continues to absorb iron at a high rate, despite the excess iron build up in body tissues

120
Q

list the early symptoms of iron toxicity (3)

A
  • fatigue
  • mental depression
  • abdominal pain
121
Q

list late symptoms of iron toxicity

A
  • tissue damage
  • liver damage
  • abnormal heart beats
  • acidosis
  • bloody stools
  • shock
  • infections
122
Q

is food often fortified w high lvls of iron

A
  • no, bc of the symptoms of liver toxicity
123
Q

describe the relation between iron & calcium

A
  • calcium can make ur body absorb more iron
124
Q

list food sources of iron

A
  • red meat
  • fish
  • poultry
  • shellfish
  • eggs
  • legumes
  • dried fruit
  • enriched & whole grain products
  • dark green leafy veggies
125
Q

iron supplements are the leading cause of??

A
  • fatal, accidental poisonings among canadian children under 6 years old
126
Q

what 2 populations require a higher DRI for iron

A
  • women

- vegetarians

127
Q

why do women require a higher DRI for iron

A
  • bc of menstruation
128
Q

why do vegetarians require more iron

A
  • bc iron in plant foods is not as well absorbed as iron in animal foods
  • need 1.8 x the amt of iron reccomended for the general population
129
Q

see the notes for tips on how to stay healthy w iron intake

A

too long for cards

130
Q

what are the 2 forms of iron

A
  • heme

- nonheme

131
Q

what is heme iron

A
  • iron bound to heme

- the iron containing part of hgb and myoglobin in meat, fish, and poultry

132
Q

describe the absorption of heme iron

A
  • more readily absorbed

- absorb about 23% of heme iron from animal sources

133
Q

what is nonheme iron

A
  • found in plant foods and in the nonheme iron in meats
134
Q

describe the absorption of nonheme

A
  • people absorb about 2-20% of nonheme iron
135
Q

what can increase nonheme iron absorption

A
  • eat it w meat, fish, or poultry

- eat it w vitamin C

136
Q

list 3 substances that inhibit iron absorption

A
  • tannins
  • calcium & phosphorus in milk
  • phyates
137
Q

where are tannins found in

A
  • tea & coffee
138
Q

where are phyates found

A
  • accompany fibre in whole grains and legumes
139
Q

list dietary recommendations for an individual with hemochromatosis (3)

A
  • consume milk, tea, or coffee w meals to help inhibit iron absorption (contains calcium & tannins)
  • avoid consuming vitamin C rich foods with meals
  • limit consumption of meat, fish, poultry
140
Q

list the dietary recommendations for an individual w anemia

A
  • consume vitamin C or meat, fish, or poultry (increases the absorption)
  • avoid milk, tea, or coffee w meals
141
Q

what is the fnxn of zinc in the body

A
  • works w proteins in every organ
  • helps activate 50 enzymes
  • vitamin metabolism (creates vitamin A)
  • taste perception
  • wound healing
  • making of sperm
  • normal fetal development
  • immune rxns
  • part of the hormone insulin
142
Q

list symptoms of zinc deficiency

A
  • growth impairment
  • immune system impairment
  • affects digestive fnxn
  • vitamin deficiency symptoms
  • disturb normal thyroid fnxn
  • delayed sexual maturation
  • loss of taste
  • poor wound healing
  • eye & skin lesions
143
Q

describe the effect of zinc deficiency in pregnant women

A
  • can lead to problems w growth & development of the fetus
144
Q

what are some vitamin deficiency symptoms seen in zinc deficiency (2)

A
  • abnormal taste

- abnormal night vision

145
Q

what symptoms are seen during zinc deficiency r/t to disturbed thyroid function

A
  • slowed metabolic rate
  • loss of appetite
  • slowed wound healing
146
Q

list symptoms r/t zinc toxicity

A
  • loss of appetite
  • impaired immunity
  • death
  • block copper absorption
  • iron deficiency
  • NVD
  • HA
147
Q

what can cause zinc toxicit

A
  • when zinc supplements are taken
148
Q

at high doses, zinc may cause..

A
  • reduced HDL
  • impaired iron absorption

(only in suplements)

149
Q

list food sources of zinc

A

protein-containing foods

  • meats
  • fish
  • shellfish
  • poultry
  • grains
  • veggies
  • milk products
150
Q

when is zinc best absorbed?

A
  • from animal products
151
Q

what helps increase absorption of zinc

A
  • cereals enriched w zinc & whole grain breads which contain yeast
152
Q

how does yeast increase the absorption of zinc

A
  • yeast breaks down phytates, which binds zinc

- breaking down phyates makes zinc more available for absorption

153
Q

what is the fnxn of selenium

A
  • antioxidant

- enzymes containing selenium are needed for proper functioning of iodine-containing thyroid hormones

154
Q

what does selenium deficiency cause

A
  • keshan disease
155
Q

what is keshan disease

A
  • heart disease in children & young women

- causes cardiac tissue to become fibrotic

156
Q

describe selenium toxicity

A
  • toxic in large quantities
157
Q

list symptoms of selenium toxicity

A
  • vomitting
  • diarrhea
  • loss of hair & nails
  • lesions of the skin & nervous system
158
Q

list food sources of selenium

A
  • meats / organ meats
  • seafood
  • grains
  • veggies (depending on the selenium content of the soil they were grown in)
159
Q

what is the fnxn of iodine

A
  • component of 2 thyroid hormones, which help regulates metabolic rate, growth, reproduction, body temp
160
Q

what happens when iodine is deficient

A
  • cells in the thyroid gland enlarge, attempting to trap more particles of iodine
  • the cells can grow large enought o product a lump on the neck = gioter
161
Q

list symptoms associated with iodine deficiency

A
  • goiter
  • sluggishness
  • weight gain
162
Q

what happens if a woman that is pregnant is severely deficient in iodine?

A
  • cretinism in the infant
163
Q

what is cretinism

A
  • extreme & irreversible mental and physical impairment in the infant
164
Q

how can cretinism be prevented

A
  • if the deficiency is discovered treated within the first 6 months of pregnancy
165
Q

what can excessive intakes of iodine cause

A
  • enlargement of the thyroid galnd (goiter like)

- deadly poison in large amts

166
Q

list sources of iodine

A
  • iodized salt
  • seafood (plentiful in the ocean)
  • bread (additive in bakery products)
  • amt of iodine in food varies based off soil that the plants are grown in or in which the animals grazed
167
Q

where is soil found that is rich in iodine

A
  • where the ocean used to cover
168
Q

how iodized salt is required per day to prevent iodine deficiency

A
  • 1/2 tsp
169
Q

what is the fnxn of copper

A
  • enzymes
  • wound healing
  • manufacturing collagen
  • forming hgb
  • maintaining myelin sheaths
  • helps cells use iron
170
Q

list symptoms of copper deficiency (2)

A
  • anemia

- bone abnormalities

171
Q

list symptoms of copper toxicity (3)

A
  • vomitting
  • diarrhea
  • liver damage
172
Q

list food sources of copper

A
  • organ meats
  • seafood
  • nuts & seeds
  • whole grains
  • drinking water
173
Q

what is the fnxn of manganese

A
  • works w enzymes as a cofactor, for many cell processes

- bone formation

174
Q

describe deficiency of manganese

A
  • rare bc only require little amt
175
Q

describe toxicity of manganese

A
  • very severe
176
Q

list symptoms of manganese toxicity

A
  • brain disease & nervous system disorders

- abnormalities in appearance and behavior

177
Q

list food sources of manganese

A
  • nuts
  • whole grains
  • leafy veggies
  • tea
178
Q

what is the primary role of fluoride

A
  • inhibit the development of dental carries in adults & children
  • element involved in formation of bones & teeth
179
Q

what are ways that we help increase intake of fluoride

A
  • add to drinking water

- in toothpaste & mouthwash products

180
Q

what is dental flourosis

A
  • condition that changes the way ur tooth enamel looks

- causes small white spots on adult teeth

181
Q

what causes dental fluorosis

A
  • ingesting too much fluoride while a child & permanent teeth are developing under the gums
182
Q

at what point can you not get dental fluorosis

A
  • if your adult teeth have grown in
183
Q

how is dental fluorosis classified

A
  • according to the level of severity

- from normal to severe

184
Q

what is skeletal fluorsis

A
  • hardening of the bones & jones

- weak, malformed bones

185
Q

what causes skeletal fluorosis

A
  • ingesting very high lvls of fluoride every day for a long period of time
  • high amt of fluoride in the bones
186
Q

is fluoride safe for pregnant/breastfeeding women & kids?

A
  • yes
187
Q

list 3 ways to avoid excess fluoride

A
  • rice grain sized amt of toothpaste for 1-3 years
  • green pea for 3-6
  • six & up can swallow
188
Q

what is the optimal lvl of fluoride in water

A

0.7 mg/L

189
Q

what does the optimal lvl of fluoride in water take into account

A
  • fluoride we get from other sources

ex. toothpaste or mouthwash

190
Q

describe fluoride in ground water & its indications

A
  • occurs naturally in the enviro & groundwater = may contain fluoride lvls above optimal lvl
  • if getting water from well, get water tested regularly
191
Q

what is a symptom of fluoride deficiency

A
  • susceptibility to tooth decay
192
Q

list sources of fluoride (4)

A
  • drinking water
  • toothpaste
  • seafood
  • tea
193
Q

what if the fnxn of chromium

A
  • role in how the body metabolizes carbs & fats
194
Q

which hormone does chromium work closely with? what indication does this have

A
  • insulin

- problems w BG regulation occur when chromium is lacking

195
Q

what are symptoms of chromium deficiency

A
  • diabetes like condition mark by inability to use glucose normally
196
Q

describe chromium toxicity symptoms

A
  • none reported
197
Q

list 2 sources of chromium

A
  • meats
  • liver
  • nuts
  • cheese
  • brewer’s yeat
  • fruits
  • veggies
  • whole grains
198
Q

list 5 trace minerals

A
  • molybdenum
  • nickel
  • silicon
  • cobalt
  • boron
199
Q

what is the fnxn of molybdenum

A
  • working part of several metal containing enzymes
200
Q

what is the fnxn of nickel

A
  • promotes healthy body tissue
201
Q

what does nickel deficiency cause

A
  • damages the liver
202
Q

what is the fnxn of silicon

A
  • helps from bones & collagens
203
Q

what is the fnxn of cobalt

A
  • part of vitamin B12 molecule
204
Q

what is the fnxn of boron

A
  • influences activity of enzymes

- plays key role in bone, brain, and immune health

HNSC 2170 (9 decks)

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