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VGE 411 > Unit 9 - Management and Nutrition of the Lactating Sow > Flashcards

Unit 9 - Management and Nutrition of the Lactating Sow Flashcards

1
Q

Name and describe the two phases of lactation?

A
  1. Transition phase/ early lactation: focus on the farrowing process and startup of milk production
  2. Remainder of lactation: focus on milk production
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2
Q

Name the two-part program during lactation

A

Part 1
1. The farrowing process
2. The Transition diet
3. Colostrum and milk synthesis
4. Managing the piglet after farrowing

Part 2
1. Milk production
2. Feed intake during lactation
3. Feed program

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3
Q

What is the average gestation period?

A

115 days

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4
Q

Name the advantages of transition feed from gestation to lactation

A
  1. Better start-up of milk production
  2. Less constipation
  3. Lower stillborn piglets
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5
Q

What does MMA stand for?

A

Mastitis, metritis and agalactia

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6
Q

What is the effect of constipation / dry, hard manure in sows just before farrowing?

A
  • Prolapse
  • Still-born
  • MMA
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7
Q

What can be done to prevent constipation?

A
  1. Feed higher fiber diet during late pregnancy
  2. Maximise water intake
  3. Prevent heat/cold stress
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8
Q

What does dEB stand for?

A

Electrolyte Balance: the difference between positive and negative ions in feed

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9
Q

What physiological role does dEB play?

A
  • Acid/base balance
  • Bone metabolism
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10
Q

Name the cations and anions of dEB

A
  • Cations: Na, K, Ca
  • Anions: Cl, P, Sulphate
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11
Q

What happens in the case of high amount of Cl- in a low electrolite balance ?

A

There will be an increases resorption of bone matrix and therefore increase Ca+ concentration in the blood

Undesirable in nursery and growing pigs
Desirable in sows at farrowing

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12
Q

Define colostrum

A

it is the first 24h secretion of the mammary glands which is largely synthesized before parturition

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13
Q

What is the protein difference between colostrum and milk?

A

colostrum: 15%
milk: 6%

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14
Q

What is the importance of colostrum?

A
  1. provide lgG for Immunity
  2. Provides lgA that protects the intestinal mucosa from pathogens – preventing neonatal diarrhea.
  3. Provide vital nutrients like fats and protein
  4. Contain growth hormones to stimulate growth and aid in the development of the GIT
  5. Contains immune cells and Immunomodulatory factors which helps with the maturation of piglets own immune system
  6. Contains digestive enzymes
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15
Q

What is the effect of a piglet consuming more that 200g or less that 100g colostrum?

A

> 200g: The piglet survival is higher than 90%
<100g: The survival drops to less than 40%

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16
Q

What is the immunoglobulin absorption capability from colostrum 12h after birth?

A

25%

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17
Q

How many grams of colostrum does a piglet need to consume?

A

200 to 400 grams

18
Q

What influences colostrum quality?

A
  1. Health status of the farm
  2. MMA syndrome
  3. Premature farrowing
19
Q

Can we use cow colostrum for piglets?

A
  • Use this only as a source of energy after the piglet has taken in colostrum from the sow.
  • Cow colostrum protects the intestines just as sow colostrum but does not provide the right immunity.
  • If given too soon after farrowing, cow colostrum may prevent absorption of the sow’s colostrum and jeopardize the piglet’s life
20
Q

What is the survival rate of a piglet with a weight less than 0.8-1.0kg

A

Less than a 50% chance of surviving through the first 48 hours without intensive care

21
Q

What is the management procedure on piglets after farrowing?

A
  1. Rub dry directly after birth (for warmth and increase blood circulation)
  2. Make sure after farrowing all piglets have immediate
    access to teats – energy and immunoglobulins
  3. Place piglets near heat source as soon as possible after birth
  4. Teeth clipping within 24h if piglets damage teats severely
  5. Single intramuscular injection of 150-200
    mg iron dextran at 3-5 days old
  6. Castration at 3-7 days of age
  7. Tail docking at 7 days of age - remove last third of tail to prevent tail biting.
  8. Ear tattooing for identification within first 7 days after birth
22
Q

Define Fostering

A
  • With large litters (more piglets than functional teats) or low milk production, it is necessary to take some or all piglets away from sow
  • Should be carried out within 24 hours after birth before pecking order has been determined
  • Always transfer piglets to sow that has farrowed at the
    same time or later (always forward, not backwards)
  • Weaker piglets usually better off on their own dam, so
    generally better to foster stronger piglets
  • Never foster piglets with scouring – can carry diseases
    over to another litter
23
Q

Name the various fostering techniques

A
  1. Straight fostering
  2. Cross fostering
  3. Shift suckling
  4. Back fostering
24
Q

Define Straight fostering

A

Evening the numbers suckled between sows

25
Q

Define Cross fostering

A

Giving heavier litters to mothers known for higher milk production

26
Q

Define Shift suckling

A

Used in smaller herds where we divide a large litter in two; put one half in crèche, switch every two hours

27
Q

Define Back fostering

A

Small piglets fostered on to a more recently farrowed sow

28
Q

Describe a rescue deck

A
  • Remove additional piglets from very large litters one to three days of age until weaning
  • Place in heated ‘box’
  • Feed milk replacers provided through a pump-system from storage bin to a cup with a nipple
29
Q

Name the 4 phases of milk production

A
  1. Colostral
  2. Ascending
  3. Plateau
  4. Descending
30
Q

How long does it take to refill the mammary gland after suckling?

A

35 min

31
Q

What factors influences milk production?

A
  • Litter size
  • Piglet size
  • Suckling intensity
  • Environment
  • Parity
  • Nutrition
  • Body condition
  • Genotype
  • Amount of body reserves
  • Nutrient intake during lactation
32
Q

How much milk does the modern sow produce ?

A

10 liters milk per day for 21 days

33
Q

How much milk does a piglet require per kg BW gain?

A

4 liters of milk/kg BW gain

34
Q

What are the factors affecting feed intake?

A
  1. Stage of lactation and milk production
  2. Number of daily feedings
  3. Dietary effects
  4. Ambient temperature and heat stress
  5. Genetic selection for feed intake and breed effects
  6. Effect of parity
  7. Body condition start lactation
  8. Feeding management and hygiene
35
Q

What is the frequency of feeding sows?

A

3-4 times

36
Q

What is the intake effect of wet feeding?

A

Increases intakes by 10-15%

37
Q

What should the water flow be for the sows?

A

Should not be less than 1 L/min

38
Q

How much light should a lactating sow get per day?

A

16 hours

39
Q

What is the % fat of a piglet and a weaner?

A

Piglet: 1%
Weaner: 20%

40
Q

Excessive loss of body reserves during lactation leads to:

A
  • Extended weaning to re-mating interval
  • Poor performance on next litter
  • Premature culling (high culling rate) – low lifetime productivity per sow
41
Q

What is the daily feed intakes of lactating sows under ad libitum conditions?

A

3-12kg daily

42
Q

What is the comfort temp for a lactating sow?

A

15°C

VGE 411 (8 decks)

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