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VGE 411 > Unit 10 - Creep feeding and Management and nutrition of the weaner > Flashcards

Unit 10 - Creep feeding and Management and nutrition of the weaner Flashcards

1
Q

What is the objective of supplying creep feed?

A
  • Ensure transition from sow’s milk to post-weaning diet smooth as possible without compromising growth or predisposing the young animal to disease
  • Familiarize the piglet with smell, taste and physical form of feed that it will receive after weaning
  • Development and adaptation of the digestive system
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2
Q

Actual milk intake of an individual piglet depends on:

A
  • Milk production yield of sow
  • Number of piglets sucking
  • Size of individual piglets
  • Stage of lactation
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3
Q

What major stress are the piglet subjected to at weaning?

A
  • Environmental changes
  • Physiological changes
  • Digestive enzymes changes
  • Body composition and weight changes
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4
Q

What are the negative effects on villi from weaning?

A
  • changes from long slender to leaf shaped.
  • varying degrees of atrophy
  • height halved and crypt depth doubled.
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5
Q

Describe the enzymatic changes for a piglet being weaned from milk to cereals?

A
  • Lactase activity decreases
  • Amylase, lipase and protease increases
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6
Q

What are the pre-weaning factors influencing the performance of the suckling piglet?

A
  • Water-intake: provide water immediately after birth
  • Survival
  • Colostrum intake
  • Heavier piglets (higher weaning weight):
    • Less susceptible to diarrhea
      *Heavier piglets have higher FI = higher growth
      *Better FCR during grower/finisher phases
      *Less post-weaning growth lag
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7
Q

Name the 3 main benefits of creep feeding?

A
  1. Creep feeding helps the litter achieve genetic growth potential at whatever age weaning is desired
  2. Prolong the sow’s productive life
  3. Boost the sow’s immune competence
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8
Q

What are the benefits of creep feeding?

A
  • Enhance immune system
  • Better uniformity of piglets within a litter
  • Fewer runts
  • Less pre-weaning mortality
  • Piglets tend to suckle less intensively meaning sows are in better condition after lactation – improve rebreeding success
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9
Q

What factors determines the replacing of a piglets liquid diet with solid diet?

A
  • Piglet age
  • Piglet weight
  • Health status of piglets
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10
Q

What ingredient can be considered when formulating a pre-weaning supplementary feed?

A
  • Milk products
  • Casein
  • Lactose
  • Skimmed milk
  • Whey powder or whey protein concentrate
  • Cooked cereals
  • Glucose
  • High quality blood plasma
  • Dried porcine enteric mucosal products
  • Fish meal (steam dried)
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11
Q

What will happen when too high levels of lactose is included in a creep feed diet?

A

cause scouring

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12
Q

What is the inclusion persentage of lactose in a prestarter diet?

A

20%-30% lactose

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13
Q

What is the inclusion persentage of lactose in a starter diet?

A

10-12%

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14
Q

What is the inclusion persentage of lactose in a early grower diet?

A

no lactose inclusion

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15
Q

Why are plant proteins not well digested in a 28-day old piglet?

A

Gastric pH of the 28 day old piglet is between 3 and 4,
much higher than the optimum of 2.5-3 for pepsin activity

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16
Q

Why should soybean meal be limited in a creep feed?

A

1.Can cause an immune response to soybean protein
2. resulting in inflammation and villus atrophy
3. To reduce post weaning soy protein hypersensitivity
4. To aid in development of immunological tolerance for soya protein

17
Q

How much fish meal can be included in a creep feed?

A

10%

18
Q

what does NSP stand for?

A

Non-Starch Polysaccharides

19
Q

What feed contains high amounts of NSP?

A

cereals like:
1. wheat
2. barley

20
Q

What are the negative effects of high NSP in the creep feed diet?

A
  1. Can decrease digestibility by as much as 50%
  2. NSP can cause scouring as pathogens take advantage of insufficiently processed nutrients in the gut
21
Q

What creep feed ingredients is considered to be expensive but essential?

A
  • Egg protein powder
  • Nucleotides (forerunners of amino-acids)
  • Refined milk by-products
  • Specialized fats and oils
  • Specially protected vitamins
  • Bioplexed trace minerals
  • Selected enzymes
22
Q

What is creep feed form qualities to consider?

A
  • Pellets must not be too large, too hard or too soft
  • Ideally you should just be able to crush pellet between fingers and thumb
  • Meal has high wastage and dust (fines) and form hard crusts around the mouth
  • Wetting of meal can help but a very high and consistent level of cleanliness is needed to avoid scouring
23
Q

Name qualities of placement of the creep feed dispenser

A
  1. Must be easily accessible by the stockperson, avoiding unnecessary entry into the pen
  2. Never under a heat lamp, on a heated floor pad or inside a warm covered creep area
  3. Away from area where sow urinates
  4. Far out of reach of the sow
  5. Not too far away from the piglets separate water source
  6. Must be difficult to shift by the piglets
  7. Ensure they are well lit (100 lux)
24
Q

What are the objectives of post-weaning period?

A
  • Minimize unavoidable post weaning stress
  • Minimize post-weaning dip
  • Minimize mortalities
  • Optimized daily gain (growth)
25
Q

For maximum lifetime performance piglets should grow at more than what amount per day during the first 7 days post weaning?

A

200 g

26
Q

At what age are the piglets normally weaned?

A

20-31 days

27
Q

At what age do we feed creep feed to improve weaning weight and development of digestive system?

A

7-10 days

28
Q

What should the weaner house temp be?

A

At weaning ensure house temperature of 30° C - lower by 1- 2° C each week until 22°C is reached

29
Q

How many weaned piglets allocated per drinker?

A

About 10-15 piglets per drinker at shoulder hight

30
Q

What is the stocking density of a weaner house?

A

0.25-0.35m2 per weaner piglet

31
Q

What happens at weaning?

A
  • After an hour or two after weaning the stomach and fore-gut of the GIT are empty
  • Piglet does not immediately start eating pellets
  • After a while it becomes extremely hungry and overeats on solid feed
  • Low digestibility of feed because of:
    • High passage rate through gut because of high feed intake
    • High passage rate because of the lower milk clot effect when removed from sow
    • Undeveloped intestine with poor digestive ability
    • Poorly digested material overwhelm gut
    • Bacterial fermentation → Scouring
    • Limited feeding for the first 5 - 7 days after weaning may prevent scouring
32
Q

What are the risk factors predisposing piglets to post-weaning scour ?

A
  • Overstocking
  • Low/variable weaning weights
  • Temperature variation
  • Low sow energy intakes
  • Contaminated feed, water/environment
  • Scour pre-weaning
33
Q

Describe the first phase after weaning?

A

Phase 1:
* First 10 days after weaning
* Most critical phase
* Digestive and immune systems not yet fully developed
* High risk of diarrhoeal diseases
* Abrupt change from milk to starter solid diet cause a decrease in nutrient intake and causes post-wean drop in performance
* Villi structure changes – become shorter and broader – and crypt depth increases – result in sub-optimal digestion and absorption of nutrients
* New environment and mixing of litters also cause a high degree of stress
* Ensure that piglets find water and feed within minutes after arrival

34
Q

Describe phase 2 and 3 after weaning?

A

Phase 2:
* From day 11 after weaning until average piglet weight is approximately 16kg

Phase 3:
* From 16kg onwards until end of weaning phase at approximately 28-35 kg (normally around 70-75 days of age)

35
Q

In theory - what factors determine the transition of a weaner from one diet to the next?

A
  1. Body weight
  2. Feed intake
  3. Stage of development
  4. Maturity of digestive system

not on age!!!

36
Q

What is the advantage of designing feeding programs according to body weight rather than age?

A
  1. Save on creep and weaner feed cost
  2. Reduce body weight variation within a group of piglets
  3. Smaller piglets will be able to consume first stage feeds for longer
  4. Heavier piglets can move to less expensive feeds earlier
37
Q

Name feed ingredient that can be included in weaner diets.

A
  • Milk Proteins/Products
  • Animal Proteins
  • Vegetable (Soy) products
  • Synthetic amino acids
  • Cooked cereals
  • Sugars
  • Oils and fats
38
Q

Give examples of animal products

A
  1. Spray-dried plasma
  2. Spray-dried blood
  3. Fish meal
39
Q

Name ingredient that can be included in a creep and weaner diet that improve digestibility and gut health

A
  • Antibiotics
  • Probiotics
  • Organic acids, especially butyric acid
  • Plant extracts - Capsicum oleoresin
  • Enzymes

VGE 411 (8 decks)

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