Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP Psychology > Unit 9- Developmental Psychology > Flashcards

Unit 9- Developmental Psychology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

In what ways are identical twins similar?

A

Intelligence, Temperament, Gestures, Posture, Pace of Speech (ITGPP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define Developmental Psychology

A

The psychological specialty that studies how organisms change over time as the result of biological and environmental influences.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define the Nature-Nurture Issue

A

The longstanding discussion over the relative importance of nature (heredity) and nurture (environment) in their influence on behavior and mental processes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Development is a process of _____, _____, and _____ brought about by an interaction of heredity and environment.

A

Growth, Change, and Consistency GCC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define Interaction

A

a process by which forces work together or influence each other- as in the interaction between the forces of heredity and environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Nature _____, and nurture _____.

A

Proposes, Disposes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define Identical Twins

A

A pair who started life as a single fertilized egg, which later split into two distinct individuals. Identical twins have exactly the same genes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define Fraternal Twins

A

A pair who started life as two separate fertilized eggs that happened to share the same womb. Fraternal twins, on the average, have about 50% of their genetic material in common.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define the Continuity View

A

The perspective that development is gradual and continuous- as opposed to the discontinuity (stage) view.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define the Discontinuity View

A

The perspective that development proceeds in an uneven (discontinuous) fashion- as opposed to the continuity view.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define Developmental Stages

A

Periods of life initiated by significant transitions or changes in physical or psychological functioning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Newborns have innate abilities for finding _____, _____ with others, and _____ harmful situations, while the developing abilities of infants and children rely more on learning.

A

Nourishment, Interacting, Harmful Situations NIH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define the Prenatal Period

A

The developmental period before birth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define Zygote

A

a fertilized egg.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define Embryo

A

in humans, the name for the developing organism during the first eight weeks after conception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define Fetus

A

In humans, the term for the developing organism between the embryonic stage and birth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define Placenta

A

The organ interface between the embryo or fetus and the mother. The placenta separates the bloodstreams, but it allows the exchange of nutrients and waste products.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define Teratogens

A

Substances from the environment, including viruses, drugs, and other chemicals, that can damage the developing organism during the prenatal period.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Define the Neonatal Period

A

In humans, the neonatal (newborn) period extends through the first month after birth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Define Infancy

A

In humans, infancy spans the time between the end of the neonatal period and the establishment of language- usually at about 18 months to 2 years.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Define Attachment

A

The enduring social-emotional relationship between a child and a parent or other regular caregiver.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Define Imprinting

A

A primitive form of learning in which some young animals follow and form an attachment to the first moving object they see and hear.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Define Contact Comfort

A

Stimulation and reassurance derived from the physical touch of a caregiver.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Define Maturation

A

The process by which the genetic program manifests itself over time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Neonates come equipped to accomplish three basic tasks of survival: finding _____, _____ contact with people, and _____ against harmful stimuli.

A

Feeding, Contact, and Defense FCD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Infants and children face especially important developmental tasks in the areas of _____ and _____- tasks that lay a foundation for further growth in adolescence and adulthood.

A

Cognition, Social Relationships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Three key ideas distinguish Jean Piaget’s approach:

A

Schemas, the interaction of assimilation and accommodation, and the stages of cognitive development. SAACD (Schemas, Assimilation and Accommodation, Cognitive Development).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Define Schemas

A

In Piaget’s theory, mental structures or programs that guide a developing child’s thought.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Define Assimilation

A

A mental process that modifies new information to fit it into existing schemas.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Define Accomodation

A

A mental process that reconstructs existing schemas so that new information is better understood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

The way a child thinks about the world processes through four revolutionary changes: Piaget described these terms of four stages of cognitive growth:

A

The sensorimotor stage, the preoperational age, the concrete operational stage, and the formal operational stage. SPCF (Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Define the Sensorimotor Stage

A

The first stage in Piaget’s Theory, during which the child relies heavily on innate motor responses to stimuli. (Birth to about age 2) Experiences world through touching.
SMO: Sensorimotor- Mental Representation- Object Permanence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Define Mental Representation

A

The ability to form internal images of objects and events.

34
Q

Define Object Permanence

A

The knowledge that objects exist independently of one’s own action or awareness.

35
Q

Define the Preoperational Stage

A

The second stage in Piaget’s theory, marked by well developed mental representation and the use of language. (From about 2 to 6 or 7)
PEACI: Preoperational- Egocentrism- Animistic Thinking- Centration- Irreversibility

36
Q

Define Egocentrism

A

In Piaget’s theory, the self-centered inability to realize that there are other viewpoints beside one’s own.

37
Q

Define Animistic Thinking

A

A pre operational model of thought in which inanimate objects are imagined to have life and mental processes.

38
Q

Define Centration

A

A preoperational thought pattern involving the inability to take into account more than one factor at a time.

39
Q

Define Irreversibility

A

The inability, in the preoperational child, to think through a series of events or mental operations and then mentally reverse the steps.

40
Q

Define the Concrete Operational Stage

A

The third of Piaget’s stages, when a child understands conservation but still is incapable of abstract thought. (from about 7 to 11).
CCMTT: Concrete Operational- Conservation- Mental Operations- Theory of Mind- Temperament

41
Q

Define Conservation

A

The understanding that the physical properties of an object or substance do not change when appearances change but nothing is added or taken away.

42
Q

Define Mental Operations

A

Solving problems by manipulating images in one’s mind.

43
Q

Define Theory of Mind

A

An awareness that other people’s behavior may be influenced by beliefs, desires, and emotions that differ from one’s own.

44
Q

Define Temperament

A

An individual’s characteristic manner of behavior or reaction- assumed to have a strong genetic basis.

45
Q

Define Zone of Proximal Development

A

The difference between what a child can do with help and what the child can do without any help or guidance.

46
Q

How is the authoritative parenting style?

A

The parent is warm, attentive, and sensitive to the child’s needs and interests- the parent makes reasonable demands for the child’s maturity level; explains and enforces rules- the parent permits the child to make discussion in accord with developmental readiness; listens to child’s viewpoint.

47
Q

How is the authoritarian parenting style?

A

The parent is cold and rejecting; frequently degrades the child- the parent is highly demanding; may use coercion by yelling, commanding, criticizing, and reliance on punishment- the parent makes most decisions for the child; rarely listens to the child’s viewpoint.

48
Q

How is the permissive parenting style?

A

The parent is warm but may spoil the child- the parent makes few or no demands (often out of misplaced concern for child’s self-esteem)- the parent permits the child to make decisions before the child is ready.

49
Q

How is the uninvolved parenting style?

A

The parent is emotionally detached, withdrawn, and inattentive- the parent makes few or no demands (often lacking interest or expectations for the child)- the parent is indifferent to the child’s decisions and point of view.

50
Q

What are the parenting styles?

A

AAPU (Authoritative, Authoritarian, Permissive, Uninvolved).

51
Q

What are the effects of each parenting style according to research?

A

Research shows that those with authoritative parents tend to be confident, self-reliant, and enthusiastic-overall, happier, less troublesome, and more successful. Those with authoritarian parents tended to be anxious and insecure. Those with permissive or uninvolved parents are typically less mature, more impulsive, more dependent, and more demanding.

52
Q

Define the Psychosocial Stages

A

In Erikson’s theory, the developmental stages refer to eight major challenges that appear successively across the lifespan, which require an individual to rethink his or her goals and relationships with others.

53
Q

Adolescence offers new developmental challenges growing out of _____ changes, _____ changes, and _____ changes.

A

PCS: Physical, Cognitive, Socioemotional

54
Q

Define Adolescence

A

In industrial societies, a developmental period beginning at puberty and ending (less clearly) at adulthood.

55
Q

Define Rites of Passage

A

Social rituals that mark the transition between developmental stages, especially between childhood and adulthood.

56
Q

Define Puberty

A

The onset of sexual maturity.

57
Q

Define Primary Sex Characteristics

A

The sex organs and genitals.

58
Q

Define Secondary Sex Characteristics

A

Gender-related physical features that develop during puberty, including facial hair and deepening voice in males, widened hips and enlarged breasts in females, and the development of pubic hair in both sexes.

59
Q

Define the Formal Operational Stage

A

The last of Piaget’s stages, during which abstract thought appears.

60
Q

According to Erik Erikson, what is the essential problem of adolescence?

A

Erik Erikson asserted that the essential problem of adolescence is discovering one’s true identity amid the confusion of playing many different roles for different audiences in an expanding social world.

61
Q

What is Stage 1 in Kohlberg’s theory?

A

People reasoning at this stage think only of reward and punishment; they show no concern for others.

62
Q

What is Stage 2 in Kohlberg’s theory?

A

The first sign of awareness of other perspectives shows itself at the second stage of moral reasoning. Still concerned about reward and punishment, the stage 2 person may seek personal gain by appealing to another person’s self-interest, saying, in effect: ”You scratch my back, and I’ll scratch yours”.

63
Q

What is Stage 3 in Kohlberg’s theory?

A

The main concerns at this stage are seeking social approval and keeping everyone happy. Decisions are based on personal relationships rather than on principle.

64
Q

What is Stage 4 in Kohlberg’s theory?

A

Maintaining social order is paramount at stage 4. In this stage, people often emphasize laws, rules, policies, promises, duty, or respect for authority in their responses.

65
Q

What is Stage 5 in Kohlberg’s theory?

A

Kohlberg called this the “social contract” stage because it emphasized the idea that rules and laws are flexible and can be changed by social consensus and by legislation. Emphasis on this stage is on fairness, rather than on the blind obedience of the previous stage.

66
Q

What is Stage 6 in Kohlberg’s theory?

A

At this stage, the individual bases a decision on universal principles of conscience that he or she would apply to all people in all situations. These are abstract and general principles, which often refer to the dignity and worth of each person, rather than concrete rules such as the Ten Commandments.

67
Q

Define Generativity

A

In Erikson’s theory, a process of making a commitment beyond oneself to family, work, society, or future generations.

68
Q

Define Alzheimer’s Disease

A

A degenerative brain disease usually noticed first by its debilitating effects on memory.

69
Q

Define Selective Social Interaction

A

Choosing to restrict the number of one’s social contacts to those who are the most gratifying.

70
Q

What are the 5 stages of death and dying according to Kubler-Ross?

A

denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. DABDA

71
Q

Define Denial

A

Refusing to believe the individual is sick.

72
Q

Define Anger

A

Patient displays anger that they are sick, “why me!”

73
Q

Define Bargaining

A

Making a deal, in return for a cure, they will fulfill promises.

74
Q

Define Depression

A

Generally depressed affect includes sleep, loss of appetite, etc.

75
Q

Define Acceptance

A

Patient realizes death is inevitable and accepts fate.

76
Q

What are the three stages of prenatal development?

A

Germinal, Embryonic, and Fetal (GEF)

77
Q

In Erikson’s Theory, what are the stages and the according conflicts?

A

IEPS (Infancy, Early Childhood, Play Age, School Age) TMADIGII (Trust vs. Mistrust- Autonomy vs. Doubt- Initiative vs. Guilt- Industry vs. Inferiority); AYML (Adolescence, Young Adulthood, Middle Adulthood, Late Adulthood) IRIIGSID (Identity vs. Role Confusion- Intimacy vs. Isolation, Generativity vs. Stagnation- Integrity vs. Despair). Infancy: Birth- 1 Year; Early Childhood: 1-2 years; Play Age: 3-5 Years; School Age: 6 Years- Puberty; Adolescence: Teen years- 20s; Young Adulthood: 20s- early 40s; Middle Adulthood: 40s-60s; Late Adulthood: 60s and Up

78
Q

What did Mary Ainsworth do and what were her observations?

A

Mary Ainsworth tested how babies respond to the temporary absence of their mothers; results of her observations led to the classification of 3 attachment styles: secure, resistant, and avoidant. (SRA)

79
Q

How are we impacted as we age?

A

During Aging, three main aspects of our lives are impacted: the brain, the memory, and other changes (BMO); In the brain, there is a regional loss of volume (frontal lobe, cerebellum), the telomeres shorten, there is decreased plasticity and there is a risk of dementia. In the aspect of memory, the procedural and semantic are stable, there is a decline in working memory, the fluid intelligence (speed of processes) is impacted. Other changes include presbyopia which concerns vision, a decline in sex hormones, and a loss of muscle mass.

80
Q

Describe everything about Lawrence Kohlberg’s stages of morality.

A

Lawrence Kohlberg identified three stages of moral development: Preconventional- Conventional- Postconventional; In the preconventional stage, the typical age range is from birth-9 years of age- the morality is based on self-interest; avoid punishments or gain rewards. In the conventional stage, the typical age range is from 9 years- early adolescence- in this stage, the laws must be obeyed purely because they are laws and rules. In the postconventional stage, the typical age range is from early adolescence-adulthood- morality is based on personal, abstract values of right and wrong.

AP Psychology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions