Unit 9- Developmental Psychology Flashcards
In what ways are identical twins similar?
Intelligence, Temperament, Gestures, Posture, Pace of Speech (ITGPP)
Define Developmental Psychology
The psychological specialty that studies how organisms change over time as the result of biological and environmental influences.
Define the Nature-Nurture Issue
The longstanding discussion over the relative importance of nature (heredity) and nurture (environment) in their influence on behavior and mental processes.
Development is a process of _____, _____, and _____ brought about by an interaction of heredity and environment.
Growth, Change, and Consistency GCC
Define Interaction
a process by which forces work together or influence each other- as in the interaction between the forces of heredity and environment.
Nature _____, and nurture _____.
Proposes, Disposes
Define Identical Twins
A pair who started life as a single fertilized egg, which later split into two distinct individuals. Identical twins have exactly the same genes.
Define Fraternal Twins
A pair who started life as two separate fertilized eggs that happened to share the same womb. Fraternal twins, on the average, have about 50% of their genetic material in common.
Define the Continuity View
The perspective that development is gradual and continuous- as opposed to the discontinuity (stage) view.
Define the Discontinuity View
The perspective that development proceeds in an uneven (discontinuous) fashion- as opposed to the continuity view.
Define Developmental Stages
Periods of life initiated by significant transitions or changes in physical or psychological functioning.
Newborns have innate abilities for finding _____, _____ with others, and _____ harmful situations, while the developing abilities of infants and children rely more on learning.
Nourishment, Interacting, Harmful Situations NIH
Define the Prenatal Period
The developmental period before birth.
Define Zygote
a fertilized egg.
Define Embryo
in humans, the name for the developing organism during the first eight weeks after conception
Define Fetus
In humans, the term for the developing organism between the embryonic stage and birth.
Define Placenta
The organ interface between the embryo or fetus and the mother. The placenta separates the bloodstreams, but it allows the exchange of nutrients and waste products.
Define Teratogens
Substances from the environment, including viruses, drugs, and other chemicals, that can damage the developing organism during the prenatal period.
Define the Neonatal Period
In humans, the neonatal (newborn) period extends through the first month after birth.
Define Infancy
In humans, infancy spans the time between the end of the neonatal period and the establishment of language- usually at about 18 months to 2 years.
Define Attachment
The enduring social-emotional relationship between a child and a parent or other regular caregiver.
Define Imprinting
A primitive form of learning in which some young animals follow and form an attachment to the first moving object they see and hear.
Define Contact Comfort
Stimulation and reassurance derived from the physical touch of a caregiver.
Define Maturation
The process by which the genetic program manifests itself over time.
Neonates come equipped to accomplish three basic tasks of survival: finding _____, _____ contact with people, and _____ against harmful stimuli.
Feeding, Contact, and Defense FCD
Infants and children face especially important developmental tasks in the areas of _____ and _____- tasks that lay a foundation for further growth in adolescence and adulthood.
Cognition, Social Relationships
Three key ideas distinguish Jean Piaget’s approach:
Schemas, the interaction of assimilation and accommodation, and the stages of cognitive development. SAACD (Schemas, Assimilation and Accommodation, Cognitive Development).
Define Schemas
In Piaget’s theory, mental structures or programs that guide a developing child’s thought.
Define Assimilation
A mental process that modifies new information to fit it into existing schemas.
Define Accomodation
A mental process that reconstructs existing schemas so that new information is better understood.
The way a child thinks about the world processes through four revolutionary changes: Piaget described these terms of four stages of cognitive growth:
The sensorimotor stage, the preoperational age, the concrete operational stage, and the formal operational stage. SPCF (Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational).
Define the Sensorimotor Stage
The first stage in Piaget’s Theory, during which the child relies heavily on innate motor responses to stimuli. (Birth to about age 2) Experiences world through touching.
SMO: Sensorimotor- Mental Representation- Object Permanence
Define Mental Representation
The ability to form internal images of objects and events.
Define Object Permanence
The knowledge that objects exist independently of one’s own action or awareness.
Define the Preoperational Stage
The second stage in Piaget’s theory, marked by well developed mental representation and the use of language. (From about 2 to 6 or 7)
PEACI: Preoperational- Egocentrism- Animistic Thinking- Centration- Irreversibility
Define Egocentrism
In Piaget’s theory, the self-centered inability to realize that there are other viewpoints beside one’s own.
Define Animistic Thinking
A pre operational model of thought in which inanimate objects are imagined to have life and mental processes.
Define Centration
A preoperational thought pattern involving the inability to take into account more than one factor at a time.
Define Irreversibility
The inability, in the preoperational child, to think through a series of events or mental operations and then mentally reverse the steps.
Define the Concrete Operational Stage
The third of Piaget’s stages, when a child understands conservation but still is incapable of abstract thought. (from about 7 to 11).
CCMTT: Concrete Operational- Conservation- Mental Operations- Theory of Mind- Temperament
Define Conservation
The understanding that the physical properties of an object or substance do not change when appearances change but nothing is added or taken away.
Define Mental Operations
Solving problems by manipulating images in one’s mind.
Define Theory of Mind
An awareness that other people’s behavior may be influenced by beliefs, desires, and emotions that differ from one’s own.
Define Temperament
An individual’s characteristic manner of behavior or reaction- assumed to have a strong genetic basis.
Define Zone of Proximal Development
The difference between what a child can do with help and what the child can do without any help or guidance.
How is the authoritative parenting style?
The parent is warm, attentive, and sensitive to the child’s needs and interests- the parent makes reasonable demands for the child’s maturity level; explains and enforces rules- the parent permits the child to make discussion in accord with developmental readiness; listens to child’s viewpoint.
How is the authoritarian parenting style?
The parent is cold and rejecting; frequently degrades the child- the parent is highly demanding; may use coercion by yelling, commanding, criticizing, and reliance on punishment- the parent makes most decisions for the child; rarely listens to the child’s viewpoint.
How is the permissive parenting style?
The parent is warm but may spoil the child- the parent makes few or no demands (often out of misplaced concern for child’s self-esteem)- the parent permits the child to make decisions before the child is ready.
How is the uninvolved parenting style?
The parent is emotionally detached, withdrawn, and inattentive- the parent makes few or no demands (often lacking interest or expectations for the child)- the parent is indifferent to the child’s decisions and point of view.
What are the parenting styles?
AAPU (Authoritative, Authoritarian, Permissive, Uninvolved).
What are the effects of each parenting style according to research?
Research shows that those with authoritative parents tend to be confident, self-reliant, and enthusiastic-overall, happier, less troublesome, and more successful. Those with authoritarian parents tended to be anxious and insecure. Those with permissive or uninvolved parents are typically less mature, more impulsive, more dependent, and more demanding.
Define the Psychosocial Stages
In Erikson’s theory, the developmental stages refer to eight major challenges that appear successively across the lifespan, which require an individual to rethink his or her goals and relationships with others.
Adolescence offers new developmental challenges growing out of _____ changes, _____ changes, and _____ changes.
PCS: Physical, Cognitive, Socioemotional
Define Adolescence
In industrial societies, a developmental period beginning at puberty and ending (less clearly) at adulthood.
Define Rites of Passage
Social rituals that mark the transition between developmental stages, especially between childhood and adulthood.
Define Puberty
The onset of sexual maturity.
Define Primary Sex Characteristics
The sex organs and genitals.
Define Secondary Sex Characteristics
Gender-related physical features that develop during puberty, including facial hair and deepening voice in males, widened hips and enlarged breasts in females, and the development of pubic hair in both sexes.
Define the Formal Operational Stage
The last of Piaget’s stages, during which abstract thought appears.
According to Erik Erikson, what is the essential problem of adolescence?
Erik Erikson asserted that the essential problem of adolescence is discovering one’s true identity amid the confusion of playing many different roles for different audiences in an expanding social world.
What is Stage 1 in Kohlberg’s theory?
People reasoning at this stage think only of reward and punishment; they show no concern for others.
What is Stage 2 in Kohlberg’s theory?
The first sign of awareness of other perspectives shows itself at the second stage of moral reasoning. Still concerned about reward and punishment, the stage 2 person may seek personal gain by appealing to another person’s self-interest, saying, in effect: ”You scratch my back, and I’ll scratch yours”.
What is Stage 3 in Kohlberg’s theory?
The main concerns at this stage are seeking social approval and keeping everyone happy. Decisions are based on personal relationships rather than on principle.
What is Stage 4 in Kohlberg’s theory?
Maintaining social order is paramount at stage 4. In this stage, people often emphasize laws, rules, policies, promises, duty, or respect for authority in their responses.
What is Stage 5 in Kohlberg’s theory?
Kohlberg called this the “social contract” stage because it emphasized the idea that rules and laws are flexible and can be changed by social consensus and by legislation. Emphasis on this stage is on fairness, rather than on the blind obedience of the previous stage.
What is Stage 6 in Kohlberg’s theory?
At this stage, the individual bases a decision on universal principles of conscience that he or she would apply to all people in all situations. These are abstract and general principles, which often refer to the dignity and worth of each person, rather than concrete rules such as the Ten Commandments.
Define Generativity
In Erikson’s theory, a process of making a commitment beyond oneself to family, work, society, or future generations.
Define Alzheimer’s Disease
A degenerative brain disease usually noticed first by its debilitating effects on memory.
Define Selective Social Interaction
Choosing to restrict the number of one’s social contacts to those who are the most gratifying.
What are the 5 stages of death and dying according to Kubler-Ross?
denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. DABDA
Define Denial
Refusing to believe the individual is sick.
Define Anger
Patient displays anger that they are sick, “why me!”
Define Bargaining
Making a deal, in return for a cure, they will fulfill promises.
Define Depression
Generally depressed affect includes sleep, loss of appetite, etc.
Define Acceptance
Patient realizes death is inevitable and accepts fate.
What are the three stages of prenatal development?
Germinal, Embryonic, and Fetal (GEF)
In Erikson’s Theory, what are the stages and the according conflicts?
IEPS (Infancy, Early Childhood, Play Age, School Age) TMADIGII (Trust vs. Mistrust- Autonomy vs. Doubt- Initiative vs. Guilt- Industry vs. Inferiority); AYML (Adolescence, Young Adulthood, Middle Adulthood, Late Adulthood) IRIIGSID (Identity vs. Role Confusion- Intimacy vs. Isolation, Generativity vs. Stagnation- Integrity vs. Despair). Infancy: Birth- 1 Year; Early Childhood: 1-2 years; Play Age: 3-5 Years; School Age: 6 Years- Puberty; Adolescence: Teen years- 20s; Young Adulthood: 20s- early 40s; Middle Adulthood: 40s-60s; Late Adulthood: 60s and Up
What did Mary Ainsworth do and what were her observations?
Mary Ainsworth tested how babies respond to the temporary absence of their mothers; results of her observations led to the classification of 3 attachment styles: secure, resistant, and avoidant. (SRA)
How are we impacted as we age?
During Aging, three main aspects of our lives are impacted: the brain, the memory, and other changes (BMO); In the brain, there is a regional loss of volume (frontal lobe, cerebellum), the telomeres shorten, there is decreased plasticity and there is a risk of dementia. In the aspect of memory, the procedural and semantic are stable, there is a decline in working memory, the fluid intelligence (speed of processes) is impacted. Other changes include presbyopia which concerns vision, a decline in sex hormones, and a loss of muscle mass.
Describe everything about Lawrence Kohlberg’s stages of morality.
Lawrence Kohlberg identified three stages of moral development: Preconventional- Conventional- Postconventional; In the preconventional stage, the typical age range is from birth-9 years of age- the morality is based on self-interest; avoid punishments or gain rewards. In the conventional stage, the typical age range is from 9 years- early adolescence- in this stage, the laws must be obeyed purely because they are laws and rules. In the postconventional stage, the typical age range is from early adolescence-adulthood- morality is based on personal, abstract values of right and wrong.
