Unit 11- Intelligence

Question 1

Stereotype threat is a _____ variable.

Answer 1

Confounding

Question 2

Measuring individual differences is an essential component of psychology, but _____ guidelines and _____ standards must be followed to ensure results and conclusions are valid and appropriate.

Answer 2

Strict-Ethical

Question 3

Psychologists use two methods to determine whether or not the results of a test have significance: _____ and _____

Answer 3

Validity and Reliability

Question 4

Define Validity

Answer 4

a property exhibited by a test that measures what it purports to measure.

Question 5

Define Reliability

Answer 5

a property exhibited by a test that yields the same results over time.

Question 6

Define Face Validity

Answer 6

measures whether a test looks like it tests what it is supposed to test.

Question 7

Define Content Validity

Answer 7

a property exhibited by a test in which each item is representative of the larger body of knowledge about the subject that the test covers.

Question 8

Define Item Analysis

Answer 8

the process of examining each question on a test to see how it is related to the objectives being tested.

Question 9

Define Criterion Validity

Answer 9

a property exhibited by a test that accurately measures performance of the test taker against a specific learning goal.

Question 10

Define Test-Retest Reliability

Answer 10

a property exhibited by a test on which people get about the same scores when they take the test more than once.

Question 11

Define Split-Half Reliability

Answer 11

a measure of reliability in which a test is split into two parts and an individual’s scores on both halves are compared.

Question 12

Define Normal Range

Answer 12

scores falling near the middle of a normal distribution.

Question 13

Define Objective Tests

Answer 13

tests that can be scored easily by machine, such as multiple-choice tests and selected-response tests.

Question 14

Define Subjective Tests

Answer 14

tests in which individuals are given an ambiguous figure or an open-ended situation and asked to describe what they see or finish a story.

Question 15

Define Inter-Rater Reliability

Answer 15

a measure of how similarly two different test scorers would score a test.

Question 16

Intelligence testing has a history of controversy, but most psychologists now view intelligence as a normally distributed trait that can be measured by performance on a variety of tasks- both _____ and _____.

Answer 16

Verbal-Nonverbal

Question 17

What are the four important factors that distinguish the Binet-Simon approach?

Answer 17

1) Binet and Simon interpreted scores on their test as an estimate of current performance, not as a measure of innate intelligence. 2) They wanted the test scores to be used to identify children who needed special help, not merely to categorize or label them as bright or dull. 3) They emphasized that training and opportunity could affect intelligence, and they wanted to identify areas of performance in which special education could help the children identified by their test. 4) They constructed the test empirically- based on how children were observed to perform- rather than trying the test to a particular theory of intelligence.

Question 18

Define Mental Age

Answer 18

the average age at which normal (average) individuals achieve a particular score.

Question 19

Define Chronological Age

Answer 19

the number of years since the individual’s birth.

Question 20

Define Intelligence Quotient

Answer 20

a numerical score on an intelligence test, originally computed by dividing the person’s mental age by chronological age and multiplying by 100.

Question 21

Define Mental Retardation

Answer 21

often conceived as representing the lower 2% of the IQ range, commencing about 30 points below the average (below about 70 points). More sophisticated definitions also take into account an individual’s level of social functioning and giftedness.

Question 22

Define Giftedness

Answer 22

often conceived as representing the upper 2% of the IQ range, commencing about 30 points above the average (at about 130 IQ points).

Question 23

Define Savant Syndrome

Answer 23

found in individuals who have a remarkable talent (such as the ability to determine the day of the week for any given date) even though they are mentally slow in other domains.

Question 24

Some psychologists believe that the essence of intelligence is a _____, general factor, while others believe that intelligence is best described as a _____ of distinct abilities.

Answer 24

Single-Collection

Question 25

What is psychometrics and who are some people in the field?

Answer 25

Psychometrics is the field of “mental measurements”; Alfred Binet, Charles Spearman, and Lewis Terman are some in the field.

Question 26

Define G Factor

Answer 26

a general ability, proposed by Spearman as the main factor underlying all intelligent mental activity.

Question 27

Define Crystallized Intelligence

Answer 27

the knowledge a person has acquired, plus the ability to access that knowledge.

Question 28

Define Fluid Intelligence

Answer 28

the ability to see complex relationships and solve problems.

Question 29

Define Practical Intelligence

Answer 29

according to Sternberg, the ability to cope with the environment; sometimes called “street smarts.”

Question 30

Define Analytical Intelligence

Answer 30

according to Sternberg, the ability measured by most IQ tests; includes the ability to analyze problems and find correct answers.

Question 31

Define Creative Intelligence

Answer 31

according to Sternberg, the form of intelligence that helps people see new relationships among new concepts; involves insight and creativity.

Question 32

Define Triarchic Theory

Answer 32

the term for Sternberg’s theory of intelligence; so called because it combines three (“tri”) main forms of intelligence. PAC (Practical-Analytical-Creative)

Question 33

Define Multiple Intelligences

Answer 33

a term used to refer to Garner’s theory; which proposes that there are seven (or more) forms of intelligence. LLSMBII (Linguistic- Logical/Mathematical-Spatial-Musical-Bodily/Kinesthetic-Interpersonal-Intrapersonal)

Question 34

Define Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

Answer 34

observations or behaviors that result primarily from expectations.

Question 35

While most psychologists agree that both heredity and environment affect intelligence, they disagree on the source of IQ differences among _____ and _____ groups.

Answer 35

Racial-Social

Question 36

Define Heritability

Answer 36

the amount of trait variation within a group, raised under the same conditions, that can be attributed to genetic differences. Heritability tells us nothing about between-group differences.

Question 37

Define Eugenics

Answer 37

a philosophy and a political movement that encouraged biologically superior people to interbreed and sought to discourage biologically inferior people from having offspring.