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A&P 2 > Unit 9 > Flashcards

Unit 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Function of Penis

A

Urination & copulation

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2
Q

Male Urethra Functions

A

Transport urine & semen

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3
Q

Scrotum Function

A

Maintain temperature of testes 2-30 C below body (core) temperature

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4
Q

Testis Function

A

Produce spermatozoa & testosterone

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5
Q

Seminiferous Tubules Function

A

Produce spermatozoa

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6
Q

Epididymis Function

A

Spermatozoa storage & maturation

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7
Q

Vas Deferens Function

A

Transport spermatozoa to urethra

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8
Q

Seminal Vesicles Function

A

Produce 60% of alkaline semen & fructose

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9
Q

Prostate Function

A

Produces: ⅓ of semen, nutrients & enzymes to activate spermatozoa

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10
Q

Bulbourethral Glands of Cowper Function

A

Secrete mucus + alkaline buffers to neutralize male urethral acidic pH & female vaginal acidic pH

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11
Q

Vagina Function

A

Receives penis & semen; birth canal; passageway for menstrual flow

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12
Q

Uterus Function

A

Passageway for sperm + blastocyst; nourish fetus; expel fetus during labor

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13
Q

Cervix Function

A

Secretes mucus to block the cervical canal (uterine entrance)

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14
Q

Endometrium Function

A

Uterine lining; pre-embryo implantation; degraded during menstruation

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15
Q

Myometrium Function

A

Smooth muscle contractions during parturition (labor & delivery)

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16
Q

Fallopian Tubes/Oviducts Function

A

Passageway for oocyte + spermatozoa; normal fertilization site (distal ⅓ oviduct)

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17
Q

Ovaries Function

A

Produce oocytes + estrogen + progesterone (hormones) for cycle control

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18
Q

Fimbria Function

A

Cover ovarian surface to draw oocyte into oviduct after ovulation

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19
Q

Mitosis (Nuclear Division)

A
  • Used by many body cells
  • Growth, replacement, repair
  • No change in chromosome number (46)
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20
Q

Mitosis: diploid (2n) or haploid (n)

A

Diploid (2n)

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21
Q

Meiosis (Reduction Division)

A
  • Only in gonads (gamete production)
  • Synapsis & shuffling of genetic information provides variation
  • Reduction in number of chromosomes from 46 (diploid/2n) to 23 (haploid/1n)
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22
Q

Meiosis: diploid (2n) or haploid (n)

A

haploid (n)

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23
Q

Direct Gene Activation:

A
  • Steroid hormones (lipid/nonpolar) diffuse through cell membranes (phospholipid bilayer)
  • Hormone binds to intracellular receptor
  • Activated receptor binds w/ gene & turns it on or off (stimulate or inhibit function)
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24
Q

Second Messenger Systems:

A
  • Protein-based hormones (polar)
  • Cannot pass through cell membrane
  • Hormone binds to cell membrane receptor
  • Activates membrane proteins producing cAMP
  • cAMP acts as a second messenger inside cell to activates kinase
  • Kinase causes the cell response
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25
Q

How is Direct gene activated?

A

steroid hormones

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26
Q

How is Second Messenger System activated?

A

protein-based hormones

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27
Q

Source, Target, and Function of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH):

A

-Source: Hypothalamus
-Target: Anterior Pituitary
-Function:
Stimulate production & release of FSH + LH by the anterior pituitary

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28
Q

Source, Target, and Function of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) (female)

A

-Source: Anterior Pituitary
-Target: Ovaries
-Function:
Stimulate follicle cell growth & maturation
Stimulate estrogen production by follicle cells

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29
Q

Source, Target, and Function of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) (male)

A

-Source: Anterior Pituitary
-Target: Seminiferous Tubules
-Function:
Stimulate spermatozoa production (spermatogenesis) by maintaining Sertoli cell health in the seminiferous tubule wall

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30
Q

Source, Target, and Function of Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

A
  • Source: Anterior Pituitary
  • Target: Ovaries
  • Function:
  • Stimulate primary oocytes to complete 1st meiotic division & become the secondary oocyte
  • Stimulate ovulation of the oocyte
  • Transforms ruptured follicle (follicle cells) → corpus luteum (yellow body)
  • Stimulate estrogen & progesterone production @corpus luteum
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31
Q

Source, Target, and Function of Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone (ICSH)

A
  • Source: Anterior Pituitary
  • Target: Seminiferous Tubules
  • Function:
  • Stimulate spermatozoan production (spermatogenesis)
  • Stimulate interstitial cells of Leydig to secrete testosterone
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32
Q

Sources of Estrogen

A

Follicle cells, Corpus Luteum, Placenta

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33
Q

Estrogen at the body cells function:

A

Stimulate development of female secondary sex characteristics

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34
Q

Estrogen at the uterus:

A

Stimulate 1st & 2nd half of cycle

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35
Q

Estrogen at the ovaries:

A

stimulate oogenesis

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36
Q

Estrogen at the mammary glands:

A

Stimulate growth of ducts & alveoli

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37
Q

Sources of Progesterone

A

Corpus Luteum & Placenta

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38
Q

Progesterone at the mammary glands

A

Stimulate development of alveoli (milk production)

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39
Q

Progesterone at the uterus

A

Stimulate endometrium & blood vessel growth

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40
Q

What blocks progesterone?

A

RU-486 (chemical abortion)

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41
Q

Source of Testosterone

A

Interstitial cells of Leydig

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42
Q

Testosterone at the body cells:

A
  • Stimulate male secondary sex characteristics
  • Develop genitalia, bone & muscle
  • Male hair growth patterns
  • ↑RBC production & metabolic rate
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43
Q

Testosterone at the seminiferous tubules

A

Maintain spermatogenesis

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44
Q

Source of oxytocin

A

Hypothalamus (stored & released by posterior pituitary)

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45
Q

Oxytocin at the uterus

A

Stimulate uterine smooth muscle contractions (causing parturition)

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46
Q

Oxytocin at the mammary glands

A

Stimulate lactiferous duct smooth muscle (release milk)

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47
Q

Source of Prolactin

A

Anterior Pituitary

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48
Q

Prolactin at the mammary glands

A

Stimulate lactiferous alveoli (produce milk)

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49
Q

Source of human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

A

rophoblast cells of blastocyst & chorion

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50
Q

hCG at the corpus luteum

A
  • Maintains corpus luteum so that it produces estrogen & progesterone (absence of LH) through 1st 10 wks of pregnancy
  • Placenta later produces enough estrogen & progesterone to maintain endometrium…hCG mimics LH
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51
Q

Spermatogenesis-

Production:

A

male gametes (spermatozoa)

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52
Q

Location of spermatogenesis

A

seminiferous tubules of the testes

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53
Q

Process of spermatogenesis (mitosis or meiosis)

A

meiosis

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54
Q

Spermatogenesis time length

A

puberty until death

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55
Q

Spermatogenesis numbers

A

4 million per day

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56
Q

Oogenesis production

A

female gametes (oocytes)

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57
Q

Location of oogenesis

A

follicles of the ovaries

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58
Q

Oogenesis process (mitosis or meiosis)

A

Meiosis

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59
Q

oogenesis length of time

A

puberty until menopause

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60
Q

oogenesis numbers

A

1 oocyte ovulated per ovarian cycle (28 days)

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61
Q

How many spermatozoa during spermatogenesis?

A

23

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62
Q

How many polar body during oogenesis?

A

23

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63
Q

What does Hypothalamus produce?

A

GnRH

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64
Q

Function of the Hypothalamus?

A
  • Stimulates FSH production (anterior pituitary)
  • Starts ovarian cycle
  • Stimulates LH production (anterior pituitary)
  • Maintains ovarian cycle
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65
Q

What does Anterior Pituitary produce?

A

FSH and LH

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66
Q

What is the function of FSH from the Anterior pituitary?

A
  • ↑Follicle growth & maturation
  • ↑Estrogen
  • ↑Spermatozoan production (♂)
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67
Q

What is the function of LH from the Anterior pituitary?

A
  • Stimulates oogenesis
  • Causes ovulation
  • ↑Estrogen & ↑progesterone synthesis
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68
Q

Def of Spermatogonium:

A

Primordial stem cell in seminiferous tubules of testes (spermatozoan production)

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69
Q

Def of Oogonium:

A

Primordial stem cell in ovaries (primary oocyte production)

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70
Q

Def of Follicle:

A

Ovarian structure containing an oocyte surrounded by follicle cells (estrogen production)

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71
Q

Def of Mitosis:

A

Process → nucleus of a body cell divides to produce identical daughter cells (growth & repair)

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72
Q

Def go Meiosis:

A

Process → gamete formation w/ half the normal chromosome number (sexual reproduction)

73
Q

Def of Oocyte:

A

Female gamete which has completed meiotic divisions (haploid)

74
Q

Def of Spermatozoan:

A

Male gamete which has completed meiotic divisions (haploid)

75
Q

Def of fertilization:

A

Fusion of haploid (1n) male & female gametes to form a diploid (2n) zygote

76
Q

Def of Polar Bodies:

A

Nonfunctional & nonviable haploid female cells w/ ↓cytoplasm (produced during meiosis)

77
Q

Def of hormone:

A

Chemical messenger released to blood (regulates cell function)

78
Q

Def of semen:

A

Mixture of spermatozoa & fluids from ♂ reproductive glands that supplies energy & neutralizes acidic pH in reproductive tracts (activates spermatozoa)

79
Q

Def of hyaluronidase:

A

Spermatozoan acrosomal enzyme that allows union of male & female gametes

80
Q

Normal volume of ejaculate

A

1 - 5 mL

  • 60-150 million spermatozoa/mL
  • 60-750 million spermatozoa/ejaculate
81
Q

Spermatozoan count of <20 million/mL =

A

Oligospermia (low sperm count)

  • Associated w/ ↓fertility & caused by heat, lead, arsenic, drugs, marijuana (THC), cocaine & anabolic steroids
  • Spermatozoa are viable in the ♀ reproductive tract for 3-7 days
82
Q

How many oogonia are produced during the 5th month of gestation?

A

7 million

-Production of new oogonia then stops…forever!

83
Q

What does oogonia become?

A

Oogonia become 1o oocytes & begin Meiosis I (meiosis is arrested at Prophase I)

84
Q

How many 1 oocytes remain at birth?

A

2 million

85
Q

How many 1 oocytes remain at puberty?

A

400,00

86
Q

About ____ of the 400,000 1o oocytes are ovulated (1/1000), (.1%) during the reproductive years. All others (________) deteriorate (____%)

A

400
399,600
99.9%

87
Q

What does hypothalamus release during the ovarian cycle?

A

GnRH

88
Q

What does GnRH stimulates anterior pituitary to release ?

A

FSH

89
Q

What does FSH stimulates follicle cells to grow & produce ?

A

estrogen

90
Q

↑Estrogen → anterior pituitary → ___

A

↑LH

91
Q

What does ↑Estrogen cause?

A

↑Estrogen causes LH to be released in a burst (spike) & endometrium grows

92
Q

What does ↑LH stimulate?

A

↑LH stimulates 1st meiotic division of primary oocyte

93
Q

What does ↑LH?

A
  • ↑LH causes ovulation

- ↑LH causes ruptured follicle to become a corpus luteum

94
Q

What does corpus luteum produce?

A

estrogen & progesterone (endometrium grows)

95
Q

What does estrogen and progesterone lower?

A

↓FSH & ↓LH production

96
Q

What does ↓LH cause

A

corpus luteum to atrophy & produce ↓estrogen & ↓progesterone (hormonal crash)

97
Q

What does ↓Estrogen & ↓progesterone cause?

A

endometrium to disrupt (menstruation)

98
Q

What does ↓FSH cause?

A

a new cycle to begin

99
Q

If pregnancy occurs, what does ↓estrogen & progesterone (corpus luteum deterioration) cause

A

endometrium to disrupt (menstruation) & terminate a pregnancy

100
Q

If pregnancy occurs, what does blastocyst make?

A

human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) to maintain corpus luteum (in the absence of LH) for the 1st 10 weeks of development

101
Q

What does hCG mimic?

A

LH

102
Q

Placenta (eventually) produces enough _______ & _________ to maintain the endometrium thickness

A

estrogen, progesterone

103
Q

Oral contraceptive:

A
  • contains synthetic estrogen & progesterone
  • Taken daily for 3 wks after a menstrual period
  • Pill mimics Corpus Luteum effects (body thinks it is pregnant)
  • Placebo pills are taken in the 4th week to permit menstruation (optional?)
104
Q

Rhythm method

A
  • daily measurement of oral Basal Body Temperature (BBT) upon awakening
  • Ovarian steroids cause BBT changes
  • ↓E on the day of LH peak causes a ↓BBT
  • ↑P on the day after LH peak causes ↑BBT for the rest of the luteal phase
105
Q

Menopause

A
  • Cessation of ovarian activity & menstruation @50 yrs of age
  • Ovaries are depleted of follicles
  • No follicles…no estrogen
106
Q

Menopause with ↓Estrogen causes:

A
  • Hot flashes
  • Osteoporosis
  • ↑Atherosclerosis (arterial plaque formation)
  • ↑M.I. (heart attack) risk
  • ↑C.V.A. (stroke) risk
107
Q

Def of zygote

A

Fertilized oocyte (diploid/2n)

108
Q

Def of cleavage:

A

-Mitotic divisions of zygote
-Process used to double number of cells in a pre-embryo w/ each division
2-cell →4-cell → 8-cell stages

109
Q

Def of morula:

A
  • 16-cell cluster of pre–embryonic cells

- Produced by cleavage

110
Q

Function of blastocyst

A

Fluid-filled ball of cells formed from the morula (implants in the endometrium)

111
Q

Function of inner cell mass

A

Cells inside blastocyst (3 primary stem cell layers)

112
Q

Function of trophoblast cells

A
  • Form blastocyst outer wall (becomes chorion)

- Make hCG (mimics LH)

113
Q

Def and function of Chorionic Villi:

A
  • Finger-like trophoblast cell extensions anchored into endometrium
  • Forms fetal portion of placenta
114
Q

Def and function of chorion

A
  • Outermost embryonic membrane
  • Forms placenta
  • Produces hCG
115
Q

Def and function of amnion

A
  • Innermost embryonic membrane
  • Forms amniotic cavity
  • Makes amniotic fluid
116
Q

Def and function of amniotic fluid

A
  • Protects embryo/fetus from trauma

- Permits free movement

117
Q

Def and function of yolk sac

A

Provides early nutrients & RBCs

118
Q

36 hrs after fertilization, zygote divides by mitosis (_______)
2 cells→4 cells→8 cells

A

cleavage

119
Q

60 hrs after fertilization, pre-embryo develops into a 16 cell ________
Enters uterus 3 days after fertilization

A

morula

120
Q

Morula becomes a _______

Implants on 6th day after fertilization

A

blastocyst

121
Q

Blastocyst inner cell mass → ________

A

embryo

122
Q

Trophoblast cell enzymes allow the blastocyst to digest into endometrium
____% of all lost pregnancies result from spontaneous abortions
Due to a ______________

A

75%, failure to implant

123
Q

Amniocentesis

A
  • Performed at 16 weeks of development
  • Amniotic fluid has cells shed from fetus
  • Genetic abnormalities are detected
  • Fluid aspiration (amniocentesis)
  • Examination of chromosomes from cells (karyotype)
124
Q

Placental Exchange

A
  • Embryo/fetus: given immunological privilege
  • Protected from rejection
  • Gas, nutrients & wastes are exchanged w/o blood mixing
125
Q

Placental Hormones:

What does hCG mimic?

A

Lh and TSH

126
Q

Placental Hormones: What does hCS mimic?

A

hGH and prolactin

127
Q

What does hGH cause?

A

diabetic-like effect (gestational diabetes)

  • ↑Blood glucose → polyuria
  • Guarantees ↑glucose for embryo/fetus
128
Q

Placenta secretes ________ & __________ from precursors supplied by fetus & mother

A

↑estrogen, ↑progesterone

129
Q

def of labor

A

physical work necessary to expel the fetus during childbirth

130
Q

Describe labor

A
  • Uterine smooth muscle contractions are stimulated by oxytocin & prostaglandins
  • Hypothalamus → posterior pituitary → oxytocin
  • Uterus → prostaglandins
131
Q

Labor may start w/ ______

_______(↑cortisol) may induce labor prematurely

A

↑cortisol, ↑Stress

132
Q

Name the 3 primary germ layers form (week 3)

A

endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm

133
Q

Ectoderm Derivatives

A
  • Nervous system
  • Cornea & lens of the eye
  • Skin, hair, nails
  • Tooth enamel
134
Q

Endoderm Derivatives

A
  • Epithelium of: digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive tracts
  • Liver, pancreas, thyroid, parathyroids, thymus
135
Q

Mesoderm Derivatives

A
  • Muscle
  • Connective tissue
  • Bone marrow & blood
  • Blood vessel & lymphatic vessel endothelium
  • Kidneys, gonads
136
Q

Developmental Timing of Pre-embryo

A

Week 0 → 3

137
Q

Developmental Timing of Embryo

A

Week 3 → 8

138
Q

Developmental Timing of Fetus

A

Week 8 → full term

139
Q

What does hypothalamus produce

A

oxytocin (hormone)

140
Q

Function of Posterior of Pituitary

A
  • Stores & releases oxytocin
  • ↑Uterine smooth muscle contractions during parturition
  • ↑Mammary gland smooth muscle contractions to eject milk
141
Q

Function of Anterior Pituitary:

A
  • Produces prolactin (hormone)

- ↑Milk production

142
Q

What does nursing cause?

A

neuroendocrine reflex

143
Q

What is released during nursing?

A

Prolactin & oxytocin are released

144
Q

What does frequent nursing delay?

A

menstruation

145
Q

Breastfeeding ↓FSH

A

Prevents oocyte development

146
Q

Breastfeeding ↓LH

A

Prevents ovulation

147
Q

T or F: Infant immune system is not well-developed until months after delivery

A

TRUE

148
Q

IgG (Immunoglobulin G) (mother) crosses placenta

-Passive immunity (up to ___ months post- delivery)

A

12

149
Q 
IgA (Immunoglobulin A) (lactation) 
Passive immunity (up to age \_\_ yrs)
A

4

150
Q

Placental Nutrients

A

Vitamins, minerals, glucose, O2

151
Q

Fetal-Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

A
  • Growth retardation
  • Mental retardation
  • Anatomical abnormalities
  • ↑Birth defects
  • Speech impairment
  • Hearing impairment
  • Learning, memory & attention deficits
152
Q

Placental - Waste Products

A

Urea, CO2

153
Q

Placental Function: Smoking

A

Nicotine, ↑CO, ↑CO2, ↓O2

154
Q

Smoking During Pregnancy: Risks

A
  • ↑Ectopic pregnancy
  • ↑Placenta previa
  • ↑Abruptio placenta
  • ↓Birth weight
  • ↑Premature delivery
  • ↑Cleft lip/palate
  • ↑Sudden Infant Death -Syndrome (SIDS)
  • ↓Fetal development
155
Q

Placental Function - Drugs

A

Antibiotics, cocaine, nicotine

156
Q

Effects of Irradiation during pregnancy

A
  • X-rays
  • Gamma-rays
  • Directly or indirectly affect DNA
  • Mutations
  • Breaks chromosomes
  • Causes information deletions
157
Q

Def Placenta Abruptio

A

Placental separation before delivery

158
Q

Causes of Placenta Abruptio

A
  • Abdominal trauma
  • Hypertension
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Tobacco & alcohol use
159
Q

Def Placenta Previa

A

Placental growth next to opening of the uterine cervical canal

160
Q

Risk Factors of Placenta Previa

A
  • Prior placenta previa pregnancies

- Multiple pregnancies (twins/triplets)

161
Q

Symptoms of Placenta Previa

A

sudden bleeding (painless)

162
Q

Def of Ectopic Pregnancy

A

Blastocyst implanted outside of uterus

163
Q

Causes of Ectopic Pregnancy

A
  • Partial uterine tube blockage
  • Uterine tube scarring from infection (Pelvic Inflammatory Disease)
  • Unsuccessful tubal ligation reversal
164
Q

Symptoms of Ectopic Pregnancy

A
  • Abdominal or pelvic pain w/ bleeding

- Unilateral pelvic cramping

165
Q

Gonorrhea

A

-Bacterium: Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Transmission:
-Sexual contact w/ infected person
-Contact w/ the bacterium in the birth canal of an infected mother

166
Q

Pathology of Gonorrhea

A

Pathology: Urinary & reproductive tract inflammation, painful urination w/ purulent (pus) discharge, abdominal pain, pelvic inflammatory disease in ♀, sterility

167
Q

Gonorrhea Newborn congenital effects

A

Conjunctivitis & blindness

168
Q

Gonorrhea Treatment

A
  • Antibiotics

- Silver Nitrate in eyes of infants

169
Q

Syphilis

A

-Bacterium: Treponema pallidum
Transmission:
-Sexual contact w/ infected person
-Contact w/ the bacterium in the birth canal of an infected mother

170
Q

Risks of syphilis

A

Involvement of the cardiovascular & nervous systems
Lesions develop in infected tissues
Death may eventually occur

171
Q

Treatment of Syphilis

A

Antibiotics

172
Q

Congenital Syphilis

A
  • Transplacental transmission

- Stillborn, skin lesions, deafness, impaired vision, tooth & skeletal deformities

173
Q

What is the most prevalent STD in the U.S.?

A

Chlamydia

174
Q

Bacteria of and treatment for Chlamydia

A
  • Bacterial Pathogen: Chlamydia trachomatis

- Treatment: Antibiotics

175
Q

Pathology of Chlamydia

A
  • Pathology: urethritis w/ reproductive tract complications (80% asymptomatic)
  • Pelvic Inflammatory Disease, infertility, ectopic pregnancy
176
Q

Pathogen of Genital Herpes

A

Pathogen: Herpes Simplex Virus (Type II)

177
Q

Risks of Genital Herpes

A
  • Lesions occur on & around genitalia
  • Lesions are recurrent & painful
  • ↑Cervical cancer risk (50% mortality rate)
178
Q

How is Genial Herpes transmitted?

A
  • Transmission from lesion secretions

- Transplacental transmission to fetus

179
Q

Treatment of Genital Herpes

A

Treatment: Acyclovir (anti-viral)

A&P 2 (7 decks)

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