Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P 2 > Unit 8 > Flashcards

Unit 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Isotonic Solutions Percent Salt:

A

0.9% NaCl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Isotonic Solutions Other names

A
  • D5W (5% dextrose)
  • Saline, NS, PS, PSS
  • Ringer’s
  • Lactated Ringer’s
  • Milliosmoles: 300 milliosmoles/Liter (mOsm/L)
  • Milliequivalents: 325 milliequivalents/Liter (mEq/L)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Hypertonic Solutions Percent Salt:

A

> 0.9% NaCl

  • Milliosmoles: >300 milliosmoles/Liter (mOsm/L)
  • Milliequivalents: >325 milliequivalents/Liter (mEq/L)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Hypertonic Solutions other name

A

D10W (>5% dextrose)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Hypotonic Solutions Percent Salt

A

<300 milliosmoles/Liter (mOsm/L)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Hypotonic Solutions other name

A

D2W (<5% dextrose)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Definition of osmosis

A

H2O moves toward the region of higher solute concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Isotonic Solution movement:

A
  • causes no net water movement (cell is in equilibrium)

- cells in an isotonic solution show no change in size & function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Hypertonic Solution movement:

A
  • draws H2O out of the cell

- cells crenate in a hypertonic solution; size + function both decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Hypotonic Solution movement:

A
  • draws H2O into the cell

- cells in a hypotonic solution swell & may lyse; size increases, function decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Blood sodium levels drop from 325 mEq/L to 124 mEq/L

What is the danger?

A

-↓Sodium in the blood allows H2O to move into cells (osmosis)
-Less fluid in blood
-↓Blood volume
-↓Blood pressure
To correct this:
↑Heart rate will ↑blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does electrolytes ionize into?

A

particles

Ex: NaCl –> Na+ + Cl-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Does glucose ionize?

A

Nonelectrolytes (Glucose), do not ionize

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Organs That Regulate Fluid & Electrolyte Balance:

A

Brain, Adrenal Glands, Kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

List the steps of the thirst mechanism

A

DECREASED ECF VOLUME OR INCREASED ECF OSMOLALITY —>HYPOTHALAMUS—-> ↓SALIVA —->THIRST—>DRINK—>↑ ECF VOLUME

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

About Aldosterone

A

-Hormone (mineralocorticoid)
-Secreted by: adrenal cortex
-Stimulates kidneys to:
Reabsorb Na+, Cl–, H2O
Secrete K+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Estrogen

A
  • Female hormone from the ovaries mimics aldosterone
  • Stimulates kidneys to reabsorb sodium, chloride, water
  • ↑Fluid retention (edema)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How does estrogen affect calcium?

A

Calcium Moves Into Bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cortisol

A
  • Hormone (glucocorticoid) from the adrenal cortex that mimics aldosterone
  • Converts lipids & protein to glucose (gluconeogenesis)
  • Anti-inflammatory (vasoconstrictor)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does ↑Cortisol causes:

A

Edema, ↑visceral fat deposition, ↓memory storage, ↓memory retrieval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) do?

A

Saves water at the collecting duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Calcitonin Increases! In which direction will calcium move?

A

blood —> bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Parathyroid Hormone Increases! In which direction will calcium move?

A

bone —> blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

A person is in the hot sun for many hours resulting in water lost through perspiration
How does the body maintain homeostasis?

A
  • Hypothalamus makes ↑Aldosterone & ↑ADH
  • Kidneys produce ↓urine
  • Hypothalamus will cause ↑thirst (thirst center)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

A person urinates many times during the day but is able to sleep all night w/o the need to urinate
How is this explained?

A

Hypothalamus secretes ↑ADH during sleep (↑ADH prevents urination)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

A person has had diarrhea for two days
Body potassium level is only 25% of normal value
Why is potassium level so low?

A
  • Body has lost fluid & w/ this fluid, has lost potassium

- Patient must be given potassium immediately or the heart may develop arrhythmias (stop efficient pumping)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

A patient has been unable to eat anything following surgery
The physician has ordered an IV of D5W
Why was this done?

A
  • Fluid in the D5W will replace fluid that will naturally be lost due to not eating
  • Dextrose (glucose) will provide an energy source for the body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Dr. Feelgood has told a patient that they need to flush the toxins & poisons out of their body
The patient has been given an IV of distilled water twice a week
What are the risks to the patient w/ this treatment?

A
  • Distilled water is hypotonic to cells
  • Red blood cells will lyse & release hemoglobin, creating a burden on the liver to cleanse the blood
  • ↓Red blood cell count could make the patient anemic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

A patient has had severe head trauma & there is swelling around the brain
The physician has ordered an IV of 20% glucose (D20W)
Why was this done?

A

20% Glucose is hypertonic

It will attract fluid from the brain into the blood, reducing the swelling around the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

A patient has a history of hypertension
The physician has placed the patient on a ↓sodium diet
What is the reason for the ↓sodium diet?

A
  • Salt makes the blood hypertonic
  • Fluid will move by osmosis into the blood
  • ↑Blood volume → ↑blood pressure
  • Sodium ↑BP in ⅓ of patients (sodium sensitivity)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is blood pH and its range

A

Blood pH = 7.40 (7.35 - 7.45)

32
Q

What is blood pH regulated by?

A

Kidneys, Lungs, Blood Buffers

33
Q

Response to acidosis:

A

Kidneys Secrete H+ and Reabsorb HCO3–

34
Q

Response to alkalosis:

A

Kidneys Reabsorb H+ and Secrete HCO3–

35
Q

What does the kidney secrete if the pH is too low?

A

Secrete hydrogen ions & reabsorb bicarbonate ions

36
Q

What does the kidney reabsorb if the pH is too high?

A

Reabsorb hydrogen ions & secrete bicarbonate ions

37
Q

Brethe FASTER or SLOWER to get rid of excess carbon dioxide if ↓pH ?

A

FASTER

-Carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid in the blood

38
Q

Breath FASTER or SLOWER to retain carbon dioxide if ↑pH?

A

SLOWER

-Carbon dioxide combines w/ water to form carbonic acid in the blood

39
Q

Equation of Carbon Dioxide + Water → Carbonic Acid

A

CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3–

40
Q

Breathing _______ will retain CO2 & pH will _______ (↑acidity & ↑H+)

A

slower, decrease

↑Carbon Dioxide → ↑Acidity → ↓pH

41
Q

Breathing ______ will eliminate more CO2 & pH will ______ (↓acidity & ↓H+)

A

faster,increase

↓Carbon Dioxide → ↓Acidity → ↑pH

42
Q

If blood pH decreases to 7.3 how does the body compensate?

A
  • Breath faster to get rid of carbon dioxide, ↓acidity

- Hyperventilation

43
Q

If blood pH increases to 7.5how does the body compensate?

A
  • Breath slower to retain more carbon dioxide, ↑acidity

- Hypoventilation

44
Q

A patient takes narcotics for painwhich have decreased breathing rate…what happens to blood pH?

A

pH will decrease because carbon dioxide is retained, which will ↑blood acidity & ↑H+

45
Q

A person takes caffeine for energywhich has increased breathing rate…what happens to blood pH?

A

pH will increase because carbon dioxide is not retained, which will ↓blood acidity & ↓H+

46
Q

Definition of Buffers

A
  • Buffers resist changes in pH

- Prevent excessive pH changes in the body if an acid or base is added to the body

47
Q

Definition of Strong Acid

A
  • Acid that releases many hydrogen ions
  • Hydrochloric acid
  • HCl → H+ + Cl–
48
Q

Defintion of Weak acid

A
  • Acid that releases few hydrogen ions
  • Carbonic acid
  • H2CO3 → H+ + HCO3–
49
Q

Buffers change ______ acids to ______ acids: strong acid + buffer → weak acid + salt

A

strong, weak

HCl (strong acid) + NaHCO3 (buffer) —> H2CO3 (weak acid) + NaCl (salt)

50
Q

Bicarbonate Ion:Carbonic Acid Ratio

A

20:1 = pH 7.4
21:1 = pH more than 7.4
19:1 = pH less than 7.4
NOTE: THESE ARE RATIOS

51
Q

Define & give the cause of Acidosis

A
  • pH falls below 7.35
  • ↓Nervous system function
  • Coma
  • Acidotic shock
52
Q

Define & give the cause of Alkalosis

A
  • pH climbs above 7.45
  • ↑Nervous system function
  • Convulsions
  • Alkalotic shock
53
Q

Define & give the cause of Respiratory Acidosis

A
  • Decrease in respiratory rate (hypoventilation)
  • ↑Carbon dioxide in the blood
  • ↑Carbon dioxide level → ↓pH
54
Q

Define & give the cause of Respiratory Alkalosis

A
  • Increase in respiratory rate (hyperventilation)
  • ↓Carbon dioxide in the blood
  • ↓Carbon dioxide level → ↑pH
55
Q

Define & give the cause of Metabolic Acidosis

A
  • NOT caused by breathing or carbon dioxide imbalance
  • ↑Acid (↑H+) in blood:
  • Renal disease (unable to secrete H+)
  • Diabetes mellitus, ↑fat diet, starvation, ↑ketones (ketosis → ketoacidosis)
  • ↓Bicarbonates in blood
  • ↑Hydrogen ions in blood
  • ↑Acids in food
  • ↓Bases in food
  • Diarrhea
56
Q

Define & give the cause of Metabolic Alkalosis

A
  • NOT caused by breathing or a carbon dioxide imbalance
  • ↓Acid (↓H+) in blood:
  • Vomiting
  • Diuretics
  • ↑Bicarbonate in blood
  • ↑Sodium bicarbonate ingestion
  • ↑Bases in food
  • ↓Acids in food
57
Q

Name the 4 ECF ions

A

↑Na+ (Sodium),↑Cl– ( Chloride),↑Ca+2 (Calcium), ↑HCO3– (Bicarbonate)

58
Q

Name the 4 ICF Ions

A

↑K+ (Potassium), ↑Mg+2 (Magnesium), ↑SO4–2 (sulfate), ↑HPO4–2 (phosphate)

59
Q

Sodium Functions

A
  • Attracts water to the ECF
  • Nerve impulses
  • Muscle contractions
60
Q

Hypernatremia:

A
  • ↑Sodium in the blood
  • Hypertension
  • Muscle twitching
  • Mental confusion
  • Coma
61
Q

Hyponatremia:

A
  • ↓Sodium in the blood
  • Hypotension
  • Tachycardia
  • Muscle weakness
62
Q

Potassium Functions

A
  • Attracts water into the ICF
  • Nerve impulses
  • Muscle contractions
63
Q

Hyperkalemia:

A
  • ↑Potassium in the blood
  • Cardiac arrhythmias
  • Cardiac arrest
  • Elevated T-wave (ECG)
  • Muscle weakness
64
Q

Hypokalemia:

A
  • ↓Potassium in the blood
  • Cardiac arrhythmias
  • Cardiac arrest
  • Depressed T-wave (ECG)
  • Muscle weakness
65
Q

Calcium Functions

A
  • Bones & teeth
  • Blood clotting
  • Nerve impulses
  • Muscle contraction
66
Q

Hypercalcemia:

A
  • ↑Calcium in the blood
  • Renal calculi (kidney stones)
  • Cardiac arrhythmias
67
Q

Hypocalcemia:

A
  • ↓Calcium in the blood
  • Muscle tetany
  • Weak cardiac muscle contractions
  • ↑Clotting time
68
Q

Aldosteronism:

A
  • ↑Aldosterone production
  • ↑Blood sodium levels
  • ↓Blood potassium levels
  • Hypertension
69
Q

Addison’s Disease

A
  • Hyposecretion of the Adrenal Cortex
  • ↓Aldosterone (mineralocorticoid)
  • ↓Cortisol (glucocorticoid)
  • Cortisol converts protein → glucose)
  • Hypotension (↓sodium)
  • Hypoglycemia (↓glucocorticoids)
70
Q

Cushing’s Disease

A
  • ↑Glucocorticoids
  • Adrenal gland tumor
  • Side effect of cortisol
  • Hyperglycemia
  • Abdominal fat accumulation
  • Posterior neck hump
71
Q

True or false: Addison is similar to Cushing’s Disease.

A

FALSE! They are basically opposites! (check powerpoint on slide 93)

72
Q

↑Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) in a hypertonic interstitial fluid

A

↑ADH goes in collecting duct, ↑H2O comes out, and ↓Urine output

73
Q

↓Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) in a Hypertonic Interstitial Fluid
:

A

↓ADH goes into the collecting duct, ↓H2O comes out, and ↑Urine output

74
Q

Cause of Diabetes Insipidus

A
  • ↓ADH secretion

- ↓ADH receptors (at kidneys)

75
Q

Effect of Diabetes Insipidus

A
  • ↑Urination

- Dehydration

A&P 2 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions