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ITAL Exam 4 > Unit 9 > Flashcards

Unit 9 Flashcards

1
Q

si impersonale

A

impersonal sentences

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2
Q

What’re impersonal sentences (si impersonale)?

A

impersonal sentences

  1. have an UNSPECIFIED subject
  2. are used to refer to people in general/detached manner
  3. mean “they, one, people, or you”
    eg. in estate si va al mare = In the summer people go to the beach.
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3
Q

What does the si impersonale mean?

A

it means

  1. one
  2. people
  3. you
  4. or they

eg. senza piscina non si nuota = without a pool you don’t swim

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4
Q

How do you form the “si impersonale” (informal sentence)?

eg. People have fun in the nightclub.

A

si + (3rd-person SINGULAR verb only)

eg. Ci si divertiva in il locale notturno = people have fun in the nightclub

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5
Q

How do you form the “si impersonale” (informal sentence) with a REFLEXIVE VERB?

A

Ci si + (ALWAYS 3rd person singular verb)

bc it’s smthg ppl do to THEMSELVES

eg. Ci si divertiva in il locale notturno = people have fun in the nightclub

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6
Q

What’s the “si passivante”?

A

When the verb used in a “si impersonale” impersonal sentence modifies an EXPLICIT OBJECT

eg. People buy the magazines = Si comprano le riviste

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7
Q

How do you form the “si passivante”?

A

si + (3rd person singular OR plural verb) + explicit object

  1. verb’s plurality depends on the explicit object it modifies
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8
Q

How do you negate a “si impersonale” or “si passivante” sentence?

A

Put “non” in front of the ENTIRE “si” structure

  1. eg. non si vedono = people do not see
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9
Q

What’re the steps you take to form the “si impersonale” and “si passivante”?

A
  1. Determine if there’s an explicit object (si passivante) and it’s plurality
  2. conjugate the 3rd-person verb based on explicit obj’s plurality, or singular for impersonale
  3. Determine if reflexive: “ci si”

Structure: ci si/si + (3rd-person singular or plural verb)

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10
Q

I pronomi relativi?

A

Relative pronouns

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11
Q

What’re relative pronouns?

A

They connect 2 phrases, the second giving more info

eg. Ecco la donna CHE ha lavorato al negozio = Here’s the woman THAT worked at the store

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12
Q

What’re the “i pronomi relativi”? (4)

A
  1. che
  2. cui
  3. chi
  4. quello/quel che or ciò che
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13
Q

here

A

qui

eg. la mia insalata preferita è qui = my favorite salad is here :)

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14
Q

there

A

lì or ci

eg. il mio zaino è lì = my favorite backpack is there

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15
Q

here vs. there translations

A
  1. here is qui
    - la mia insalata preferita è qui = my favorite salad is here :)
  2. there is lì or ci
    - il mio zaino è lì = my favorite backpack is there
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16
Q

How do you use “che” as i pronomi relativi?

A
  1. it means “whom, which, who, that”
  2. NEVER after a preposition (that’s cui)
  3. use for people or things
    eg. Ecco la donna CHE ha lavorato al negozio = Here’s the woman THAT worked at the store
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17
Q

How do you use “cui” as i pronomi relativi?

A
  1. it means “whom or which”
  2. ALWAYS after a preposition
  3. use for people or things
    eg. Questa è la chiesa IN CUI ho pregato = This is the church in which I prayed
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18
Q

How do you use “chi” as i pronomi relativi?

A
  1. it means “those who, the one/ones who”
  2. only use for PEOPLE
  3. only use with 3rd-person SINGULAR verbs
    eg. Chi dorme bene studia bene = Those who sleep well study well!
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19
Q

How do you use “quello/qual che or ciò che” i pronomi relativi?

A
  1. it means “that which, what” (referencing OBJECTS AND IDEAS that hasn’t been specified yet)
  2. they’re INVARIABLE and all are interchangeable
    eg. ciò che vedi è una fontana = what you see is a fountain
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20
Q

Compare and contrast “che” vs. “cui”?

A

similarities

  1. both refer to people or things
  2. both can mean “whom/which”
  3. both refer to a SPECIFIC noun already mentioned earlier in the sentence

differences

  1. Che: never after a preposition, also means “who/that”
  2. Cui: always after a preposition
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21
Q

Similarities between “che” and “cui”?

A

similarities

  1. both refer to people or things
  2. both can mean “whom/which”
  3. both refer to a SPECIFIC noun already mentioned earlier in the sentence
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22
Q

Differences between “che” and “cui”?

A

differences

  1. Che: never after a preposition, also means “who/that”
  2. Cui: always after a preposition
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23
Q

How do you say “is (the reason) why”?

A

“AVERE” LA REGIONE PER CUI is how you say “(the reason) why”

eg. Catholicism è la regione per cui Alicia studia italiana = Catholicism’s the reason why Alicia studies Italian

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24
Q

Which regular -ere and -ire verbs do you use a PREPOSITION ALWAYS with to form the relative pronoun? (2)

A
  1. chiedere (a) = to ask for
  2. rispondere (a) = to respond to
  3. finire (di) = to finish, with infinitive
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25
Q

Definition and how do you form the relative pronoun with chiedere?

A

it’s an “-ere” verb that needs a PREPOSITION with the relative pronoun

  1. chiedere (a) = to ask for
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26
Q

Definition and how do you form the relative pronoun with rispondere?

A

it’s an “-ere” verb that needs a PREPOSITION with the relative pronoun

  1. rispondere (a) = to respond to
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27
Q

Definition and how do you form the relative pronoun with parlare?

A

To talk

Needs a preposition if you want to say “to talk to/about” = parlare di

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28
Q
  1. tanto tempo fa
  2. una volta
  3. in passato
A
  1. A long time ago
  2. once upon a time
  3. in the past
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29
Q

to lose

A

perdere

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30
Q

definition of perdere and passato prossimo?

A

perdere is to lose

passato prossimo is perso

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31
Q

other (adjective)

A

altro/a/i/e

depends on subject’s gender/plurality

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32
Q

there is / is there?

A

c’è

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33
Q

there are / are there?

A

ci sono

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34
Q

to sell

A

vendere

VENDors sell stuff!

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35
Q

nient’altro

A

nothing else

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36
Q

da qui

A

from here

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37
Q

chiedere definition and passato prossimo

A

to ask

pp: avere + chiesto

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38
Q

qualcosa

A

something

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39
Q

prendere definition and passato prossimo?

A
  1. prendere means “to take”
  2. pp is preso
    eg. hai preso qualcosa in negozi = have you taken something from the shop?
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40
Q

already

A

già

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41
Q

pensare

penso

A

to think, penso = I think

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42
Q

disponibile

A

available

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43
Q

How do you form the present tense of a regular -are verb?

A

conjugate like PARLARE

  1. io = parl-o
  2. tu = parl-i
  3. lui/lei/Lei = parl-a
  4. noi = parl-iamo
  5. voi = parl-ate
  6. loro = parl-ano
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44
Q

How do you form the present tense of a regular -ere verb?

A

conjugate like LEGGERE

leggere (to read)

  1. legg(o) = io
  2. legg(i) = tu
  3. legg(e) = lei/lui/Lei
  4. legg(iamo) = noi
  5. legg(ete) = voi
  6. legg(ono) = loro
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45
Q

How do you form the present tense of a regular -ire verb?

A

conjugate like DORMIRE

  1. io = dorm(O)
  2. tu = dorm(I)
  3. lui/lei/Lei = dorm(E)
  4. noi = dorm(IAMO)
  5. voi = dorm(ITE)
  6. loro = dorm(ONO)
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46
Q

then

A

poi

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47
Q

What’re the ways to conjugate verbs that end in “-ire”? (2)

A

conjugate verbs that end in “-ire”

  1. like dormire
  2. like capire: add -isc- to all singular pronouns and “loro/they”
48
Q

How do you conjugate regular “-ire” verbs like capire?

A

*Rule: Add -isc- to all forms EXCEPT noi and voi

  1. io = cap(ISCO)
  2. tu = cap(ISCI)
  3. lei/lui/Lei = cap(ISCE)
  4. noi = cap(iamo)
  5. voi = cap(ite)
  6. loro = cap(ISCONO)
49
Q

How do you write the present-tense of andare?

A

andare is an irregular “-are” verb! Always use

  1. vado = I go
  2. vai = you go
  3. va = you (formal)/he/she/it goes
  4. andiamo = we go
  5. andate = you all go
  6. vanno = they go
50
Q

Passato prossimo of andare?

A

“essere” + andato/a/i/e

51
Q

What’s the strategy for forming relative pronouns?

eg. Le cose ____ siamo interessati sono molte. (a cui, di cui, che)

*VERY IMPORTANT!!!

A
  1. break up the sentence and translate literally to English
    - The things ____ we were interested were many
  2. See if it makes sense in English w/ only “che”
    - The things THAT we were interested were many
  3. If it sounds disjointed, add the preposition after the verb to confirm it makes sense
    - disjointed, The things WHICH we were interested IN are many
  • correct: a cui
52
Q

frequentare definition

A

to frequent (visit frequently) as a verb

53
Q

to stop (doing something) and passato prossimo

A

smettere, past participle is “avere” + SMESSO

  1. present tense conjugated like mettere = smetto, smetti, smette, smettiamo, smettete, smettono
54
Q

Which common regular verbs DO NOT need a preposition with them?

A
  1. ascoltare
    - ascolto musica rap = I listen to rap
  2. cercare
    - cerco una bici = I look for a bike
55
Q

Definition and how do you form the relative pronoun with ascoltare?

A

DOESN’T need a preposition

ascoltare means to listen TO
- ascolto musica rap = I listen to rap

56
Q

Definition and how do you form the relative pronoun with cercare?

A

DOESN’T need a preposition

cercare means to look FOR
- cerco una bici = I look for a bike

57
Q

Definition and how do you form the relative pronoun with incontrare?

A

DOESN’T need a preposition

incontrare means to meet WITH
- incontro il professore = I meet the professor

58
Q

Definition and how do you form the relative pronoun with abitare?

A

DOESN’T need a preposition

abitare means to live IN
- abito la casa = I live in the house

59
Q

Definition and how do you form the relative pronoun with aspettare?

A

DOESN’T need a preposition

aspettare means to wait FOR
- aspetto Nicole la mattina = I wait for Nicole in the mornings

60
Q

Definition and how do you form the relative pronoun with guardare?

A

DOESN’T need a preposition

guardare means to look AT
- guardo il paesaggio dal balcone = I looke at the view from the balcony

61
Q

Definition and how do you form the relative pronoun with salire?

A

NEEDS the preposition SU (on)

salire means to climb
- eg. la montagna SU CUI saliamo è alta = the mountain on which we climb is tall

62
Q

It is on your left/right

A

è alla tua destra/sinistra

63
Q

you go

  1. straight
  2. to the left
  3. to the right
A

vai

  1. dritto
  2. a sinistra
  3. a destra
64
Q

il paesaggio

A

the view

eg. il paesaggio è molto bello = the view is very beautiful

65
Q

l’aggettivo e il pronome indefinito

A

indefinite adjectives and pronouns

indefinite words

66
Q

What are indefinite words?

A

They are words that roughly quantify general nouns

There are indefinite adjectives and pronouns

eg. ogni città (every city), alcuni francobolli (few stamps), tutti gli studenti (all the students)

67
Q

What’re indefinite adjectives?

A
  1. They’re adjectives that roughly quantify general nouns
  2. Structure: indefinite adjective + noun
  3. eg. ho comprato alcuni francobolli = I bought a few stamps.
68
Q

What’s the indefinite adjective and pronoun?

some, a few (plural noun)
eg. a few stamps

A

adjective

  1. with singular nouns: qualche
  2. with plural nouns: alcuni/e

pronoun for PLURAL nouns: alcuni/e

eg.
qualche francobollo = a few stamps
alcuni francobolli = a few stamps

69
Q

What’s the indefinite adjective and pronoun?

other

A
  1. adjective: ALTRO/A/I/E means other
    - eg. the other cat (l’altro gatto) the other student (l’altro studente)
  2. singular pronoun: ALTRO means something/anything else
  3. plural pronoun: ALTRI/E means others
70
Q

What’s the indefinite adjective and pronoun?

many, a lot of

A
  1. adjective: MOLTO/A/I/E means many/a lot of
    - eg. molti persone (many people)
  2. pronoun: same as adjective, means much/many
71
Q

What’s the indefinite adjective and pronoun?

each, every

A
  1. adjective: ogni + (SINGULAR NOUN without definite article) means each, every
    - eg. ogni penna = every pen, ogni ragazza = every girl
  2. pronoun: ognuno/a means each one, everyone
72
Q

What’s the indefinite adjective and pronoun?

little, few

A

the indefinite adjective and pronoun for “little, few” are the SAME form !

  1. with singular nouns: poco/a
  2. with plural nouns: pochi/e

eg.
1. Franco parla poco = Franco speaks little
2. poche persone parlano cinese in italia = few people speak chinese in italy
3. poche parlano cinese in italia = few speak chinese in italy

73
Q

What’s the indefinite adjective and pronoun?

so much, so many

A

TANTO/A/I/E means so much or so many, SAME indefinite adjective and pronoun form

  1. singular noun: Lavorato tanta = I work a lot
  2. plural noun: Ho comprato tanti snack (I bought many snacks)
74
Q

What’s the indefinite adjective and pronoun?

too much, too many

A

TROPPO/A/I/E means too much or too many, SAME indefinite adjective and pronoun form

eg.
1. singular noun: sono troppo semplice = they’re too simple

  1. plural noun: troppi studenti studiano in biblioteca = too many students study in the library
75
Q

What’s the indefinite adjective?

all, the whole (thing)

A

(TUTTO/A/I/E + DEFINITE ARTICLE) means all, the whole (thing)

*you NEED the definite article with tutto/a/i/e

eg.
1. singular: tutto il trucco è nella borsa (all the makeup is in the bag)

  1. plural: tutti i rossetti sono nella borsa (all the lipsticks are in the bag)
76
Q

Which form of the indefinite word do you use to modify adverbs (eg. adjective, verb, etc.)?

eg. they are too simple

*VERY IMPORTANT!

A

you use the SINGULAR MASCULINE form of the indefinite adjective or pronoun

eg. sono troppo semplice (they’re too simple)

77
Q

How to say something/anything for the indefinite pronoun?

A

QUALCOSA means something/anything

  • it’s SINGULAR MALE and invariable
    eg. ho comprato qualcosa a mia madre = I bought something for my mom
78
Q

What’s the indefinite pronoun for
1. someone, anyone?

  1. something, anything?
A
  1. someone, anyone is QUALCUNO/A
  2. something, anything is QUALCOSA
    - male, invariable
  3. both are singular!
79
Q

How can you use qualcosa, the indefinite pronoun? (2)

A

both means “something”

  1. qualcosa di with adjective
    - describe something’s quality
    - eg. mangio qualcosa di delizioso = I eat something delicious
  2. qualcosa da with infinitive verb
    - to “verb something” (DO)
    - eg. Compro qualcosa da mangiare = I buy something to eat
80
Q

What’s the indefinite pronoun for
1. everything

  1. everyone
A
  1. everything is TUTTO (invariable)
  2. everyone is TUTTI/E (depends on the peoples’ gender!)
81
Q

Le espressioni negative

A

the negative expressions

82
Q

Negative expressions

not at all

eg. I did not eat at all this evening

A

non. ..affatto
eg. Non ho mangiato affatto stasera

83
Q

Negative expressions

not yet

eg. I have not done the laundry yet

A

non. ..ancora
eg. Non ho ancora fatto il bucato

84
Q

Negative expressions

never

eg. I have never eaten swordfish

A

non. ..mai
eg. Non ho mai mangiato pesce spada

85
Q

Negative expressions
neither…nor

eg. I have neither a pen nor a backpack

A
  1. non (verb) né (object 1) né (object 2)
    eg. Non ho né una penna né uno zaino = I have neither a pen nor a backpack
86
Q

Negative expressions

not even

eg. I did not even ask for cheese

A
  1. non…neanche, nemmeno, or neppure (interchangeable)
    eg. Non HO CHIESTO nemmeno il formaggio
87
Q

Negative expressions

nobody or not….anyone

eg. There wasn’t anyone at the library, I did not see anyone at the mall

A

non. ..nessuno
eg. Non c’era nessuno in biblioteca, Non ho visto nessuno in centro commerciale

88
Q

Negative expressions

nothing or not….anything

eg. I did not sign anything

A
  1. non…niente/nulla
    eg. Non ha firmato nulla = I did not sign anything
89
Q

Negative expressions

no longer

eg. Stefano no longer works at the bank

A
  1. non…più
    eg. Stefano non lavora più in banca
90
Q

How do you form the negative expression in present and passato prossimo?

*VERY IMPORTANT!

eg. She didn’t see any students

A
  1. only put the FIRST verb (present, pp, etc.) in the middle
  2. put the rest of the sentence after the negative expression
  3. for passato prossimo
    - avere vs. essere depends on the verb after the main verb
    - conjugation depends on the subject
    - you ONLY sandwich the avere/essere for “ancora, mai, and più”.
    - for the other expressions, you sandwich both the avere/essere + past participle between the negative expression

eg.
normal pp: Non HA VISTO nessuno studente = she didn’t see any students

ancora, mai, più pp: Non hai ancora assaggiato il tiramisù = you have not tried tiramisu yet

91
Q

When do you use present vs. passato prossimo for negative expressions?

A

Check the tenses of the VERBS in the sentence!

present tense

  1. have
  2. does/do
  3. is/are

passato prossimo

  1. verb ends in -ed
  2. had
  3. did
  4. was/were
92
Q

How to say “not (verb) any (noun)”?

eg. Gina does NOT have ANY envelopes

A
  1. (singular noun) non (verb) nessuno/nessun/nessuna/nessun’ (object)
  2. spelling follows indefinite article uno rules depending on the object that comes after it
  3. only use with SINGULAR nouns
    eg. Gina non ha nessuna busta = Gina does not have any envelopes
93
Q

How do you use object pronouns with negative expressions?

eg. I have never given Allen them

A
  1. put the pronoun (DO, IDO, reflexive) between non and the verb
    eg. non LI (them) ho mai dati a Allen = I have never given Allen them
94
Q

Nobody (as the subject)

eg. Nobody came to the town hall

A

Nessuno

eg. Nessuno è venuto in commune

95
Q

Nothing (as the subject)

A

Niente/nulla

96
Q

Neither (subject 1) nor (subject 2)

eg. neither Alicia or Nicole see snow

A
  1. né (subj 1) né (subj 2)
  2. omit non when the negative expression is the subject
    `
    eg. né Alicia né Nicole vedono la neve = Neither Alicia nor Nicole see snow
97
Q

How do you form the si impersonale/passivante when the conjugated verb has 2 more verbs after it?

eg. in montagna ___ (potere) rilassarsi e leggere un libro, you may

A

how you conjugate the verb depends on the FIRST verb after it, and if it has an explicit object (EO)!

eg. in montagna SI PUÒ rilassarsi e leggere un libro. remember for general verbs following the conjugaed verb with no EO, always use singular 3rd-person for it.

98
Q

How do you form the si impersonale/passivante when there’s one more verb after the conjugated “si” vebr?

eg. A teatro ___ (potere) parlare durante lo spettacolo

A

It depends on whether the verb AFTER the conjugated “si” verb has an explicit object (EO) or not

  • if it does, conjugate the “si” verb based on the following verb’s EO’s plurality
  • if it doesn’t, conjugate the “si” verb with the singular 3rd person
99
Q

Which pronomi relativi do you use for PROVERBS?

eg. ___ va piano va sano e lontano

A

Use “CHI” for proverbs!

eg. Chi va piano va sano e lontano

100
Q

What does the preposition “con” mean?

101
Q

What does the preposition “in” mean? (3)

102
Q

What does the preposition “ di or d’ “ mean? (2)

103
Q

What does the preposition “per” mean? (3)

A
  1. for
  2. through
  3. in order to
104
Q

What does the preposition “da” mean? (4)

A
  1. from
  2. since
  3. by
  4. at
105
Q

What does “fare attenzione all’accordo” mean?

A

It means pay attention to the AGREEMENT!

106
Q

How are the indefinite adjectives structured?

*VERY IMPORTANT!

A

all indefinite adjectives depend on subj’s gender and plurality (-o/a/i/e endings)

EXCEPT

  1. alcuni/e: plural only
  2. ogni and qualche are singular only and invariable
  3. for tutto/a/i/e, always use DEFINITE ARTICLE!
107
Q

How are the indefinite pronouns structured? (4)

*VERY IMPORTANT!

A
  1. depend on subject’s gender and plurality (-o/a/i/e): molto, poco, tanto, troppo
  2. plural only (-i/e): alcuni, altri, tutti
  3. invariable: altro, qualcosa, tutto
  4. singular only (-o/a): ognuno, qualcuno
108
Q

Which indefinite adjectives are IRREGULAR?

*VERY IMPORTANT!

A
  1. alcuni/e: plural only
  2. ogni and qualche are singular only and invariable
  3. for tutto/a/i/e, always use DEFINITE ARTICLE!
109
Q

Which indefinite pronouns depend on the subject’s gender AND plurality? (4)

A

depend on subject’s gender and plurality (-o/a/i/e)

  1. molto = much/many
  2. poco = little/few
  3. tanto = SO much/many
  4. troppo = TOO much/many
110
Q

Which indefinite pronouns depend on the subject’s plurality ONLY? (5)

A
  1. only plural (-i/e): alcuni, altri, tutti
  2. only singular (-o/a): ognuno, qualcuno
111
Q

Which indefinite pronouns are INVARIABLE?

A
  1. altro = something, anything else
  2. qualcosa = something, anything
  3. tutto = everything
112
Q

la gente

A

people, it’s SINGULAR and FEMALE!

113
Q

how many

A

quanto/a/i/e

-depends on subject’s gender and plurality!

114
Q

When do you use “qualcosa da” vs. “qualcosa di”?

A
  1. use qualcosa da before VERB
    - eg. Faccio qualcosa da mangiare = I make something to eat
  2. use qualcosa di before ADJECTIVE
    - eg. Mangio qualcosa di buono = I eat something good
115
Q

c’era

116
Q

ha detto

ITAL Exam 4 (5 decks)

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