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ITAL Exam 4 > Unit 11 > Flashcards

Unit 11 Flashcards

1
Q

What’re impersonal expressions (espressioni impersonali)?

A

impersonal expressions are general statements with NO SPECIFIED SUBJECT!

eg. è bello dormire 9 ore = It’s nice to sleep 9 hours
è bene mangiare l’insalata = It’s good to eat salad

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2
Q

What’re “espressioni impersonali”?

A

impersonal expressions!

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3
Q

espressioni impersonali

  1. it’s enough to
  2. it’s necessary to
A
  1. it’s enough to is BASTA

2. It’s necessary to is BISOGNA

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4
Q

espressioni impersonali

  1. it’s nice to
  2. it’s good to
A
  1. it’s nice to is È BELLO

4. it’s good to is È BENE

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5
Q

espressioni impersonali

  1. it’s right to
  2. è difficile/facile
A
  1. è giusto means IT’S RIGHT TO

6. è difficile/facile means IT’S DIFFICULT/EASY TO

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6
Q

espressioni impersonali

  1. it’s possible/impossible to
  2. it’s likely/unlikely to
A
  1. it’s possible/impossible to is È POSSIBILE / IMPOSSIBILE

8. it’s likely/unlikely to is È PROBABILE / IMPROBABILE

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7
Q

espressioni impersonali

  1. è meglio
  2. è male
A
  1. è meglio means IT’S BETTER TO

10. è male means IT’S BAD TO

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8
Q

espressioni impersonali

  1. it’s time to
  2. it’s a pity
A
  1. it’s time to is È ORA

12. it’s a pity is È UN PECCATO

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9
Q

espressioni impersonali

  1. è strano
A
  1. è strano means IT’S STRANGE TO
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10
Q

espressioni impersonali

  1. pare/sembra
A
  1. pare/sembra means IT SEEMS
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11
Q

How do you use “espressioni impersonali” (impersonal expressions)?

A
  • use espressioni impersonali with INFINITIVE VERBS!
  1. IE before the infinitive
    • means it is (IE) TO VERB
  2. IE after the infinitive
    • means VERB-ING is (IE)
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12
Q

espressioni impersonali

  1. it’s inappropriate / appropriate to
A
  1. it’s appropriate is È OPPORTUNO

15b. it’s not appropriate È INOPPORTUNO

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13
Q

How do you use espressioni impersonali “it’s time to” in a sentence?

A
  1. when no specified subject, you need the preposition “DI” after it!
    • è ora DI + infinitive

eg. è ora di dormire bene = it’s time to sleep well

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14
Q

What’re the rules for using espressioni impersonali in a sentence?

*VERY IMPORTANT!

A
  1. use impersonal expressions with INFINITIVE verbs only!
    • eg. è bello imparare italiano = it’s nice to learn Italian
  2. if subjects are unspecified, make the adjectives in that sentence MASCULINE PLURAL
    • eg. è meglio essere felici che ricchi = it’s better to be happy than rich
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15
Q

What does the word “essere” mean as an infinitive verb?

A

it literally means “TO BE”

- eg. è meglio essere felici che ricchi = it's better to be happy than rich
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16
Q

How do you NEGATE an espressioni impersonali in a sentence?

A

put “non” in front of è (the verb as usual!)

eg. non è difficile = it’s not hard to

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17
Q

What’re the ways to use espressioni impersonali in a sentence?

*VERY IMPORTANT!

A
  1. put the impersonal expression BEFORE the infinitive
    • infinitive means “to (verb)”
    • eg. è bello dormire 9 ore = It’s nice to sleep 9 hours
  2. put the impersonal expression AFTER the infinitive
    • infinitive means “(verb)-ing”
    • eg. mangiare verdure è bene = eating vegetables is good
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18
Q

prendere

A

to take

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19
Q

in my opinion

A
  1. secondo me

2. a mio parere

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20
Q

temo che

A

I’m afraid that

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21
Q

me sembra

A

it seems to me

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22
Q

ti assicuro

A

I assure you

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23
Q

ultimamente

A

lately

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24
Q

sicuramente

A

surely

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25
Q

sperare

A

to hope

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26
Q

dopo che

A

after that

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27
Q

così

A

so

  • used to describe order of events
  • eg. I was worried and so….
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28
Q

mi pare

A

I think

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29
Q

prima

A

before

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30
Q

sono sicuro, non sono sicuro

A

1, sono sicuro means I’M SURE

  1. non sono sicuro means I’M NOT SURE
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31
Q

magari

A

let’s hope

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32
Q

a mio parere, secondo me

A

BOTH MEAN in my opinion

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33
Q

anche se

A

though

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34
Q

fino ad

A

until (specific time)

eg. fino ad oggi = until today

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35
Q

What’s the “congiuntivo presente”?

A

the “congiuntivo presente” is the PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE

eg. È necesario che Enrique sia puntuale = it’s necessary that Enrique is punctual.

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36
Q

What’s the indicative mood?

  1. uses
  2. forms
A

Used for

  1. certain statements
  2. facts

Forms:

  1. present
  2. imperfetto
  3. futuro semplice
  4. passato prossimo
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37
Q

What’s il congiuntivo?

*VERY IMPORTANT!

A
  1. il congiuntivo is the SUBJUNCTIVE.
  2. for statements that aren’t certain/factual: mental things, hypothetical situations, uncertain situations, relative superlatives
  3. conjugate the subjunctive verb for the SECOND subordinate clause!
    eg. È necesario che Enrique sia puntuale = it’s necessary that Enrique is punctual.
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38
Q

How do you define “il congiuntivo”? (6)

A

The SUBJUNCTIVE expresses statements that AREN’T certain or factual

  1. emotions
  2. opinions
  3. desires
  4. subjective attitude towards events
  5. hypothetical actions and states
  6. uncertain actions and states
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39
Q

How do you form the “il congiuntivo” (general)?

*VERY IMPORTANT!

A

forming the general subjunctive:
1. a main clause “che (that)” connects to a subordinate clause containing the SUBJUNCTIVE-CONJUGATED VERB

  1. the main clause contains a verb or impersonal expression (IE) that triggers the subjunctive in the 2nd clause
    eg. È necesario che Enrique sia puntuale = it’s necessary that Enrique is punctual.
40
Q

How to say “that” in Italian?

A

che

  • use it for forming the il congiuntivo (subjunctive)
41
Q

How do you use the impersonal expression with an UNSPECIFIED vs. SPECIFIED subject?

eg.
1. It’s important to work every day
2. It’s important that I work every day

A
  1. with unspecified subject use the SIMPLE IE structure
    • IE + infinitive (either before or after depending on verb’s meaning)
  2. with specified subject use the PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE “CHE” structure
    • (IE) + CHE + (present subjunctive-conjugated verb)

eg.
1. unspecified subject: È importante lavorare ogni giorno = It’s important to work every day

  1. specified subject: È importante CHE IO LAVORI ogni giorno = It’s important that I work every day
42
Q

How do you form the congiuntivo presente?

A

you form the present subjunctive with a SPECIFIED SUBJECT

(IE) + CHE + (present subjunctive-conjugated verb)

eg. È importante CHE IO LAVORI ogni giorno = It’s important that I work every day

43
Q

What’s the congiuntivo presente and when do you use it?

A
  1. congiuntivo presente is the PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE
  2. Use it with an IE that refers to specific subject

always with specified subject: È importante CHE IO LAVORI ogni giorno = It’s important that I work every day

44
Q

How do you form the subjunctive with pronouns (reflexive, DO, IO)?

eg. Luis: È necessario che + licenziarsi
* VERY IMPORTANT!

A
  1. conjugate the verb normally with subjunctive rules
  2. Put the subject’s corresponding pronoun BEFORE that verb!
    eg. È necessario che SI LICENZI.
45
Q

How do you form the congiuntivo presente-conjugated verb?

Singular forms

A

present subjunctive verb conjugation

  1. -are -> -i
    • studiare becomes studi
  2. regular -ere/ire -> -a
    • scrivere becomes scriva
  3. -ire (-isc) -> -isca
    • finire becomes finisca
46
Q

How do you form the congiuntivo presente-conjugated verb?

Plural forms

A

present subjunctive verb conjugation

  1. noi and voi are the SAME FOR ALL
    • noi = -iamo
    • voi = -iate
  2. loro: just add “-no” to the singular form!
    • are -> i -> ino
    • regular -ere/ire -> a -> ano
    • ire (-isc) -> -iscano
47
Q

how do you conjugate finire in present subjunctive?

A

it has the -ISC- conjugation!

  1. singular forms: finisca
  2. noi = finiamo
  3. voi = finiate
  4. loro = finiscano
48
Q

how do you conjugate pulire in present subjunctive?

A

it has the -ISC- conjugation!

  1. singular forms: pulisca
  2. noi = puliamo
  3. voi = puliate
  4. loro = puliscano
49
Q

How do you form the congiuntivo presente-conjugated verb?

ALL FORMS
VERY IMPORTANT FC!

A

*REMEMBER: to add -h when conjugating -care/-gare to maintain hard sound!

SINGULAR

  1. -are -> -i
    • studiare becomes studi
  2. regular -ere/ire -> -a
    • scrivere becomes scriva
  3. -ire (-isc) -> -isca
    • finire becomes finisca

PLURAL

  1. noi and voi are the SAME FOR ALL
    • noi = -iamo
    • voi = -iate
  2. loro: just add “-no” to the singular form!
    • are -> i -> ino
    • regular -ere/ire -> a -> ano
    • ire (-isc) -> -iscano
50
Q

In general, how do you form the present subjunctive verb conjugation?

VERY IMPORTANT FC!

eg. sapere, fare

A

In general,
1. the singular forms (io, tu, l/l/L) are the same and always end in -a!

  1. noi and voi the same (-iamo, -iate)
  2. loro is always adding (-no) to the singular form!

eg. sapere -> sappia/sappiamo/sapiate/sappiano
fare -> faccia/facciamo/facciate/facciano

51
Q

What’re the conjugations of irregular modal verb “volere”?

A

volere (to want):

  1. io = voglio
  2. tu = vuoi
  3. lei/lui/Lei/it = vuole
  4. noi = vogliamo
  5. voi = volete
  6. loro = vogliono
52
Q

What’re the conjugations of irregular modal verb “potere”?

A

potere (can/may):

  1. io = posso
  2. tu = puoi
  3. lei/lui/Lei/it = può
  4. noi = possiamo
  5. voi = potete
  6. loro = possono
53
Q

How do you conjugate irregular modal verb dovere?

A

dovere means duty/obligation: must do

  1. io = devo
  2. tu = devi
  3. l/l/L = deve
  4. noi = dobbiamo
  5. voi = dovete
  6. loro = devono
54
Q

credo

A

I believe

55
Q

What’re the main irregular present subjunctive verbs? (5) (1/2)

A
  • mmemonic: Abby DAREd Sia to Sample STARfish!
    1. Avere → abbia
    2. Dare → dia
    3. Essere → sia
    4. Sapere → sappia
    5. Stare → stia
56
Q

What’re the mmemonics for IRREGULAR present subjunctives? (2)

A
  1. Main irregular verbs: Abby Dared Sia to Sample Starfish!
    • (ADSSS)
  2. Other irregular verbs: Bryce Dared Dove to Passionately Make Love Under the Venice Villa’s Arch.
    • (BDDPMLUVVA)
57
Q

What’re the other irregular present subjunctive verbs? (9) (2/2)

A
  • mmemonic: Bryce Dared Dove to Passionately Make Love Under the Venice Villa Arch!
    • (BDDPMLUVVA)
  1. Bere → beva
  2. Dire → dica
  3. Dovere → debba
  4. Potere → possa
  5. fare (Make) → faccia
  6. piacere (Love) → piaccia
  7. Uscire → esca
  8. Venire → venga
  9. Volere → voglia
  10. Andare → vada
58
Q

Which IRREGULAR present subjunctives don’t follow the usual conjugation rules? (4)

A

DUVA have irregular NOI/VOI!

  1. dovere
  2. uscire
  3. venire
  4. andare
59
Q

How do you form the present subjunctive of avere?

A
  1. singular forms (io, tu, l/l/L): abbia

2. rest are NORMAL

60
Q

How do you form the present subjunctive of dare?

A
  1. singular: dia

2. rest are NORMAL

61
Q

How do you form the present subjunctive of essere?

A
  1. singular: sia

2. rest are NORMAL

62
Q

How do you form the present subjunctive of sapere?

A
  1. singular: sappia

2. rest are NORMAL

63
Q

How do you form the present subjunctive of stare?

A
  1. singular: stia

2. rest are NORMAL

64
Q

How do you form the present subjunctive of andare?

A
  1. singular: vada
  2. NOI/VOI are irregular!
    • noi is andiamo
    • voi is andiate
    • loro is vadano
65
Q

How do you form the present subjunctive of bere?

A
  1. singular: beva

2. rest are NORMAL

66
Q

How do you form the present subjunctive of dire?

A
  1. singular: dica

2. rest are NORMAL

67
Q

How do you form the present subjunctive of dovere?

A
  1. singular: debba
  2. NOI/VOI are irregular!
    • noi = dobbiamo
    • voi = dobbiate
    • loro = debbano
68
Q

How do you form the present subjunctive of fare?

A
  1. singular: faccia

2. rest are NORMAL

69
Q

How do you form the present subjunctive of piacere?

A
  1. singular: piaccia

2. rest are NORMAL

70
Q

How do you form the present subjunctive of potere?

A
  1. singular: possa

2. rest are NORMAL

71
Q

How do you form the present subjunctive of uscire?

A
  1. singular: esca
  2. NOI/VOI are irregular!
    • noi = usciamo
    • voi = usciate
    • loro = escano
72
Q

How do you form the present subjunctive of venire?

A
  1. singular: venga
  2. NOI/VOI are irregular!
    • noi = veniamo
    • voi = veniate
    • loro = vegano
73
Q

How do you form the present subjunctive of volere?

A
  1. singular: voglia

2. rest are NORMAL

74
Q

What’s È INCREDIBILE meaning and is it indicative or subjunctive?

A

means it’s incredible and it’s INDICATIVE (use regular present/passato prossimo)

75
Q

What’s PUÒ DARSI meaning and is it indicative or subjunctive?

A

means it’s possible and it’s INDICATIVE (use regular present/passato prossimo)

76
Q

What’s È PREFERIBILE meaning and is it indicative or subjunctive?

A

means it’s preferable and it’s INDICATIVE (use regular present/passato prossimo)

77
Q

What’s BISOGNA meaning and is it indicative or subjunctive?

A

means it’s necessary and it’s INDICATIVE (use regular present/passato prossimo)

78
Q

What’s È CERTO meaning and is it indicative or subjunctive?

A

means it’s certain and it’s INDICATIVE (use regular present/passato prossimo)

79
Q

What’s È CHIARO meaning and is it indicative or subjunctive?

A

means it’s clear and it’s INDICATIVE (use regular present/passato prossimo)

80
Q

What’s È SICURO meaning and is it indicative or subjunctive?

A

means it’s sure that and it’s INDICATIVE (use regular present/passato prossimo)

81
Q

What’s È VERO meaning and is it indicative or subjunctive?

A

means it’s true and it’s INDICATIVE (use regular present/passato prossimo)

82
Q

What’s È OVVIO meaning and is it indicative or subjunctive?

A

means it’s obvious and it’s INDICATIVE (use regular present/passato prossimo)

83
Q

What’s SECONDO ME meaning and is it indicative or subjunctive?

A
  1. means in my opinion
  2. it’s INDICATIVE (use regular present/passato prossimo)
    • the only exception: sounds subjunctive but use indicative
84
Q

When do you use the “di” vs. “che” with verbs?

*VERY IMPORTANT!

A
  1. use di with INFINITIVES
    • eg. Joel pensa di fare domanda = Joel is thinking about applying
  2. use che with SUBJUNCTIVES
    • eg. Alicia è felice che la programma sta finendo = Alicia is happy the program is ending
85
Q

definition and which verb form to use with?

  1. avere bisogno
  2. avere paura
A

use with SUBJUNCTIVES

  1. to need
  2. to have fear
86
Q

definition and which verb form to use with?
3. chiedere

  1. desiderare
A

use with SUBJUNCTIVES
3. to ask for

  1. to desire
87
Q

definition and which verb form to use with?

  1. dispiacere
  2. essere contento/a and triste
A

use with SUBJUNCTIVES

  1. to be sorry (remember mi dispiace is I’m sorry!)
  2. to be happy and sad
88
Q

definition and which verb form to use with?

  1. piacere
  2. sperare
A

use with SUBJUNCTIVES

  1. to please
  2. to hope
89
Q

definition and which verb form to use with?

  1. suggerire (-isc-)
  2. temere
A

use with SUBJUNCTIVES

  1. to suggest
  2. temere to fear (think fearing TEMa’s!)
90
Q

definition and which verb form to use with?

  1. avere l’impressione
  2. credere
A

use with SUBJUNCTIVES

  1. to have the impression
  2. to believe
91
Q

definition and which verb form to use with?

  1. dubitare
  2. immaginare
A

use with SUBJUNCTIVES

  1. to doubt
  2. to imagine
92
Q

definition and which verb form to use with?

  1. non essere sicuro
  2. pensare
A

use with SUBJUNCTIVES

  1. to not be sure
  2. to think
93
Q

For same-subject sentences, what’re the 2 forms you can use?

(sentence w/ 2 clauses has the same subj. doing the 2 verbs)

A
  1. ONLY the infinitive
    • if “desiderare, preferire, or volere” are in the main clause
    • eg. preferite fotocopiare il documento = do you prefer to photocopy the document
  2. di + infintiive
    • for all other verbs except those 3
94
Q

definition and which verb form to use with?

  1. essere certo/a
  2. essere sicuro/a
A

Use with the INDICATIVE form

  1. to be CERTAIN
  2. to be SURE
95
Q

definition and which verb form to use with?

  1. riconoscere
  2. ricordare
A

Use with the INDICATIVE form

  1. to recognize or acknowledge (because it’s to something that’s CERTAIN)
  2. to remember (because it’s CERTAIN)
96
Q

definition and which verb form to use with?

  1. sapere
  2. vedere
A

Use with the INDICATIVE form

  1. to know (because it’s CERTAIN)
  2. to see (because it’s CERTAIN)
97
Q

that

A

che

ITAL Exam 4 (5 decks)

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