Unit 9

Question 1

Define gene

Answer 1

coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins within the cell

Question 2

Define Messenger RNA

Answer 2

RNA molecules that carry copies of assembly instructions

Question 3

Define Ribosomal RNA

Answer 3

non-coding RNA which is the primary component to ribosomes, essential to all cells

Question 4

Define Transfer RNA

Answer 4

RNA molecule that transfer each amino acids to ribosomes as specified by coded messages in mRNA

Question 5

What is Transcription

Answer 5

the process of copying part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA into a complementary sequence of RNA

Question 6

Define RNA polymerase

Answer 6

a enzyme similar to DNA polymerase which binds to DNA and separates DNA strands, then synthesizes a complementary RNA sequence from a template DNA strand.

Question 7

Define Introns

Answer 7

sequences of nucleotides that don’t code for proteinn.

Question 8

Define Exons

Answer 8

sequences of nucleotides that are expressed in the synthesize of of proteins and code for proteins.

Question 9

Define Codon

Answer 9

Three consecutive nucleotides that specify a single amino acids.

Question 10

What is Translation

Answer 10

the process in which the cell uses the information from mRNA to produce proteins.

Question 11

Define a anticodon

Answer 11

complementary bases to one mRNA codon.

Question 12

Define mutation

Answer 12

Changes in the genetic material.

Question 13

Define point mutations

Answer 13

mutations that involve changes in one or a few nucleotides

Question 14

Define Frameshift mutations

Answer 14

mutations that shift the reading frame of the genetic message.

Question 15

Define Chromosomal Mutations

Answer 15

changes in the number or structure of chromosomes.

Question 16

Define polyploidy

Answer 16

condition where organisms have a extra sets of chromsomes.

Question 17

Difference between DNA and RNA

Answer 17

Deoxyribose v. Ribose
Double helix v. Single strand
Thymine v. uracil

Question 18

what is RNA responsible for?

Answer 18

it is responsible for protein synthesis and controls the assembly of amino acids into proteins

Question 19

how does transcription work?

Answer 19

RNA polymerase finds a promoter, attaches to itself on the DNA strand, separates the strand, and synthesizes the complementary RNA sequence

Question 20

How does editing work?

Answer 20

introns are removed from the pre-mRNA by the spliceosome and exons are spliced back together. If the introns are not removed, the RNA would be translated into a nonfunctional protein. Splicing occurs in the nucleus before the RNA migrates to the cytoplasm to make the final mRNA.

Question 21

how does translation?

Answer 21

The mRNA enters the cytoplasm and into the ribosome, which reads each codon, finds a tRNA with a complementary anticodon, and binds them. This determines one amino acid. As this process repeats, it adds more amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain. The ribosome joins first and second amino acids and breaks the bond between the first tRNA and its amino acid. Then the third amino acid is determined, and the second amino acid bonds with it. Then the second tRNA breaks away from the chain also, and the process continues until the ribosome reaches one of the three stop codons.

Question 22

what is missense?

Answer 22

when the mutation changes the amino acid

Question 23

What is silent?

Answer 23

when the mutation does not change the amino acid

Question 24

what is nonsense?

Answer 24

when the mutation changes the amino acid to stop