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Living Earth Semester 2 > Unit 12 > Flashcards

Unit 12 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the defining properties of stem cells?

A

unspecialized
perpetual self-renewal
ability to differentiate into a specialized cell

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2
Q

Types of stem cells from most unspecialized to specialized.

A 
totipotent
pluripotent
multipotent
omnipotent
unipotent
fully diffrentiated
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3
Q

Properties of totipotent cells

A

can self-renew by dividing

develop into early embryo and extraembryonic tissues (ex. placenta)

can differentiate into all the cells

EXAMPLE: cells in zygote in first few divisions

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4
Q

Properties of pluripotent cells

A

can self-renew by dividing

develop into the 3 primary germ layers of the embryo

can’t give rise to extraembryonic tissues

EXAMPLE: becomes any cell except extraembryonic tissues

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5
Q

Properties of multipotent cells

A

least plasticity

currently in us

can self-renew

develop into a limited number of specialized cells related to original tissue or organ

EXAMPLE: stem cells in bone marrow can differentiate into dif types of blood cells.

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6
Q

What is the epigenome?

A

The “layer” of chemicals on the nucleosome (DNA-histone complex)

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7
Q

What is acetylation?

A

Chemicals called acetyl groups attach to the histones causing the histones to loosen their grip on the DNA.

Increases transcription

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8
Q

What is methylation?

A

Chemicals called methyl groups attach to the histones causing the DNA to be tightly wound.

Decreases transcription

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9
Q

How do cells differentiate?

A

During different cell divisions, only certain parts of the genetic information is used.

Genes are turned on and off in a particular sequence

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10
Q

What is cell differentiation?

A

Cellular differentiation is the transformation of unspecialized cells called stem cells into specialized cells that carry out a particular task in the body.

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11
Q

What are tissues?

A

Collections of related cell types that work together to carry out a specific function

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12
Q

Explain muscle tissue

A

Contractile tissue
Produces movement of the body or its parts
Includes smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscle

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13
Q

Explain epithelial tissue

A

Lining tissue
Covers the body and lines internal surfaces
Can be modified to perform specific roles

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14
Q

Explain nervous tissue

A

Receives and responds to stimuli
Makes up the structures of the nervous system
Regulates function of other tissues

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15
Q

Explain connective tissue

A

Supports, protects, and binds other tissues
Contains cells in an extracellular matrix
Can be hard or fluid

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16
Q

What does CRISPR stand for?

A

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats

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17
Q

What is CRISPR?

A

A process that allows scientists to utilize the CAS9 protein to find and remove a specific part of DNA using a template DNA strand

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18
Q

What is CRISPR used for?

A

It can be used to detect and destroy DNA to edit the genome.

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19
Q

What molecule is used to find a particular sequence of DNA?

A

an RNA sequence

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20
Q

What molecule is used to cut DNA?

A

CAS9 (enzyme)

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21
Q

Functions of pancreas

A

Make digestive juices / Produces enzymes that break down carbs, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids

Produces hormones that regulate blood sugar levels

Produces sodium bicarbonate, a base that neutralizes stomach acid that allows enzymes to be effective

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22
Q

Function of liver in digestion

A

Produces bile, which is loaded with lipids and salts

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23
Q

Function of gallbladder

A

Stores bile

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24
Q

Functions of brain

A

Relay messages
Process / analyze information
Control almost all bodily functions

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25
Q

Positive feedback

A

The response strengthens the change in a controlled condition (enhances the change)

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26
Q

Negative feedback

A

The response reverses a change in a controlled condition (counteracts the change)

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27
Q

What organs make up the nervous system

A

Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves

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28
Q

3 types of neurons?

A

Sensory neurons
- Carry impulses from the sense organs to the spinal cord and brain

Motor neurons
- Carry impulses from the brain and the spinal cord to muscles and glands

Interneurons
- Connect sensory and motor neurons and carry impulses between them

29
Q

What is action potential / nerve impulse?

A

reversal of charges

30
Q

Explain the sodium-potassium pump and action potential

A

Outside is positive (NA+) and inside is negative (K+)
- bc of selective permeablity and active transport

Gates in NA+ channel open, letting NA+ in (action potential)

As action potential passes, gates in K+ channels open, allowing K+ to flow out, restoring neg potential

31
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

Chemicals used by a neuron to transmit an impulse across a synapse to another cell

32
Q

What organs make up the circulatory system?

A

Heart, blood vessels, and blood

33
Q

Why is hemoglobin needed?

A

It binds oxygen and transports through tissues

34
Q

Cells in blood and what they do?

A

Red blood cells: O2 transport
White blood cells: fight parasites/infection/bacteria
Platelets: clotting

35
Q

Plasma in blood and what they do?

A

Albumins/globulins: substance transport

Fibrinogen: blood clotting protein

36
Q

Pulmonary circulation vs systemic circulation

A

Pulmonary circulation moves blood between the heart and the lungs. It transports deoxygenated blood to the lungs to absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide. The oxygenated blood then flows back to the heart.

Systemic circulation moves blood between the heart and the rest of the body.

37
Q

Function of lymphatic system?

A

To collect and return fluid that leaks from blood vessels
Help absorb nutrients
Protect the body from disease
Destroy damaged red blood cells and platelets

38
Q

What organs make up the respiratory system?

A

Lungs, nose, mouth, trachea, diaphragm, bronchi

39
Q

What are alveoli?

A

Millions of tiny air sacs in lungs

40
Q

Role of alveoli

A

Oxygen and CO2 exchange (gas exchange)

41
Q

What organs make up the digestive system?

A

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, gallbladder, small intestine, large intestine
Accessory structures: salivary glands, pancreas, liver

42
Q

What role does mouth play in digestion?

A

Mechanical digestion

Salivary glands release amylase to break down starches and release sugars

43
Q

What role does esophagus play in digestion?

A

Has an epiglottis to prevent food from blocking air passageways
Performs peristalsis to squeeze “bolus” of food into stomach
Has a cardiac sphincter to close the esophagus after food has passed into the stomach and prevents the contents of the stomach from moving back up into the esophagus

44
Q

What role does stomach play in digestion?

A

Mechanical/chemical digestion of food
Contractions through three smooth muscle layers for digestion
Acid production in the lining of the stomach which produces hydrochloric acid and mucus
Activates pepsin through the hydrochloric acid which work together to digest protein, chemical digestion of carbs is stopped because amylase cannot function in acidic environments and does not resume until the food passes into the small intestine

45
Q

What role does small intestine play in digestion?

A

Most of the chemical digestion and absorption of food
Mixes chyme with the digestive fluids and enzymes from the pancreas, liver, and lining of the intestine
Villi and microvilli move provide surface area for nutrient absorption
Carbs and proteins are absorbed by villi capillaries
Undigested fat and fatty acids are absorbed by lymph vessels

46
Q

What role does large intestine play in digestion?

A

Removes water from the undigested material that is left by absorbing it into the wall
Rich colonies of bacteria produce compounds that the body is able to use, like vitamin K

47
Q

What does bile do?

A

Bile dissolves and disperses drops of fat and makes it easier to break them down

48
Q

Which parts of the digestive system are involved in mechanical digestion?

A

Mouth, esophagus, stomach

49
Q

Which parts of the digestive system are involved in chemical digestion?

A

Mouth, salivary glands, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

50
Q

How is the structure of villi adapted to their function?

A

The folds and projections of the villi provide an enormous surface area for the absorption of nutrient molecules

51
Q

What is the microbiome? What does it do for us?

A

The microbiome consists of diverse bacteria colonies, which can help produce compounds for the body to use, such as vitamin K

52
Q

What organs make up the excretory system?

A

Skin, lungs, kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

53
Q

What role does skin play in excretion?

A

Excretes excess water, salts, and tiny amounts of urea

54
Q

What role do the lungs play in excretion?

A

Excrete CO2

55
Q

What role does the liver play in excretion?

A

Gathers excess amino acids from protein breakdown and converts them into useful compounds
This makes some nitrogen wastes in the process, which the liver converts into urea

56
Q

What is urea?

A

Toxic waste produced when amino acids have been used for energy.

57
Q

What role do the kidneys play in excretion?

A

Removes urea, excess water, and other waste products from waste-laden blood and passes them to the ureter

58
Q

What role do the ureter play in excretion?

A

Carries urine to the urinary bladder from each kidney

59
Q

What role does the urinary bladder play in excretion?

A

Saclike organ where urine is stored

60
Q

What role does the urethra play in excretion?

A

Tube through which urine can be released

61
Q

What are the 3 ways the kidney helps maintain homeostasis?

A

remove waste from blood
maintain blood pH
control H2O content (and therefore blood volume)

62
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

Nephron

63
Q

What are the 2 processes involved in blood purification?

A

Filtration

Reabsorption

64
Q

What kinds of material are filtered from the blood?

A 
Water
Urea
Glucose
Salts
Amino acids
Fats
Some vitamins (excess)
65
Q

What kinds of filtered materials are reabsorbed by the blood?

A

99% of water
Amino acids
Fats
Glucose

66
Q

What is urine?

A

The material remaining after reabsorption

Comprised of urea, water, excess salts, and other substances

67
Q

What is the difference between the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava?

A

superior is from above

inferior is from below

68
Q

What does septum do?

A

Separates the left ventricle (O2-rich blood) and the right ventricle (O2-poor blood)

Living Earth Semester 2 (6 decks)

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