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Living Earth Semester 2 > Unit 10 > Flashcards

Unit 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Fertilization

A

the process in sexual reproduction where the male and female reproductive cells join

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2
Q

Define True-breeding

A

organisms that, if allowed to self-pollinate, would produce offspring identical to themselves

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3
Q

Define Trait

A

specific characteristic that varies among individuals

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4
Q

Define Hybrid

A

Offspring crosses between parents with different traits

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5
Q

define Allele

A

Different forms of a gene

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6
Q

Define Segregation

A

separation of alleles pairs during gamete formation

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7
Q

Define homozygous

A

organisms that have two identical alleles for a particular trait

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8
Q

define heterozygous

A

organisms that have two different alleles for a particular trait.

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9
Q

define phenotype

A

physical characteristics

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10
Q

define genotype

A

genetic makeup

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11
Q

Define independent assortment

A

alleles for a trait segregate independently

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12
Q

define incomplete dominance

A

cases in which one allele is not completely dominant over another

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13
Q

define multiple alleles

A

genes with more than two alleles

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14
Q

define polygenic traits

A

traits that are controlled by two or more genes

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15
Q

define homologous

A

chromosomes that have the same structure, function, and relative location

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16
Q

define diploid

A

cell that contain both sets of homologous chromosomes

17
Q

define haploid

A

cell with only one set of chromosomes

18
Q

define tetrad

A

the structure formed when chromosomes pair up with corresponding homologous chromosomes in prophase of meiosis I

19
Q

define crossing over

A

exchange in portions of a chromatid

20
Q

Define Nondisjunction

A

common error in meiosis where sister chromatids fail to separate

21
Q

what Mendel’s law hereditary?

A

The principle of dominance states that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive.
The principle of probability can be used to predict the outcomes of genetic crosses.
The principle of independent assortment states that genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes.

22
Q

what are characteristics also influenced by?

A

environmental and nutritional factors

23
Q

What is meiosis

A

a process of reduction division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell.

24
Q

explain interphase I

A

cells undergo a round of DNA replication, forming duplicate chromosomes.

25
Q

explain prophase I

A

each chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosome to form a tetrad.

26
Q

explain Metaphase I

A

Spindle fibers attach to the chromosome.

27
Q

explain Anaphase I

A

The fibers pull the homologous chromosomes towards opposite ends of the cell.

28
Q

Explain telophase I and cytokinesis

A

Nuclear membranes form. The cell separates into two cells.

29
Q

explain Prophase II

A

Meiosis I results in two haploid (N) daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell.

30
Q

explain metaphase II

A

chromosomes line up like the similar way in metaphase I

31
Q

Explain Anaphase II , Telophase II and cytokinesis

A

The sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell. Meiosis II results in four haploid daughter cells

32
Q

what is gene linkage?

A

the tendency of DNA sequences that are close together on a chromosome to be inherited together

33
Q

why are all x-linked alleles expressed in males?

A

because they only have one X-chromosome

34
Q

what are 3 ways sexual reproduction is increases variation?

A

Independent assortment, random fertilization, and crossing over

Living Earth Semester 2 (6 decks)

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