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Living Earth Semester 2 > Unit 11 > Flashcards

Unit 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Define cell

A

the basic unit of life

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2
Q

What are the components of cell theory?

A

All living things are composed of cells.
Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.
New cells are produced from existing cells.

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3
Q

Define nucleus

A

large, membrane-enclosed structure that contains the cell’s genetic material in the form of DNA; it controls many of the cell’s activities

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4
Q

Define eukaryotes

A

cells that contain nuclei and have membrane-bound organelles

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5
Q

Define prokaryotes

A

cells that do not contain nuclei and do not have membrane-bound organelles

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6
Q

Define organelles

A

cell structures that do specialized things

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7
Q

Define cytoplasm

A

portion of the cell inside the nucleus

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8
Q

Define cell membrane

A

a flexible barrier that surrounds all cells

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9
Q

Define cell wall

A

a strong supporting layer around the membrane in plant cells

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10
Q

Define lipid bilayer

A

a double-layered sheet of lipids

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11
Q

Define concentration

A

the mass of a solute in a given volume of solution, or mass/volume

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12
Q

Define equilibrium

A

a state where the concentration of the solute is the same throughout a system

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13
Q

Define isotonic

A

the concentrations of solutes is the same inside and outside the cell

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14
Q

Define hypertonic

A

the solution has a HIGHER solute concentration than the cell

*remember: the root “hyper-“ means higher

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15
Q

Define hypotonic

A

the solution has a LOWER solute concentration than the cell

*remember: the root “hypo-“ means lower

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16
Q

Define passive transport

A

a type of membrane transport that does not require energy

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17
Q

Define simple diffusion (or diffusion)

A

the process by which particles move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated

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18
Q

Define facilitated diffusion

A

molecules that cannot diffuse across the cell membrane’s lipid bilayer on their own move through protein channels instead (cell membrane channels facilitate diffusion)

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19
Q

Define osmosis

A

the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

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20
Q

Define active transport

A

an energy-requiring process to move molecules across the cell membrane against their concentration gradient

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21
Q

Define endocytosis

A

the process of taking material into the cell by means of infoldings, or pockets, of the cell membrane

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22
Q

Define phagocytosis

A

extensions of cytoplasm surround a particle and package it within a food vacuole, then engulfs it

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23
Q

Define pinocytosis

A

cells take up liquid from the surround environment, tiny pockets form along the cell membrane, fill with liquid, and pick off to form vacuoles within the cell

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24
Q

Define exocytosis

A

membrane of the vacuole surrounding the extra material fuses with the cell membrane and forces the contents out of the cell

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25
Q

Define cell division

A

the process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells

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26
Q

Define mitosis

A

first stage of cell division; division of the cell nucleus

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27
Q

Define cytokinesis

A

division of the cytoplasm

28
Q

Define chromatids

A

identical sister pairs which can be put together as a chromosome

29
Q

Define centromeres

A

the central attachment point of a pair of chromatids

30
Q

Define interphase

A

an “in-between” period of growth

31
Q

Define cell cycle

A

a series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide

32
Q

Define spindle

A

a fan-like microtubule structure that helps separate the chromosomes

33
Q

Define nondisjunction

A

the most common error in meiosis wherein homologous chromosomes fail to separate

34
Q

Define Barr body

A

highly condensed X-chromosome

35
Q

Define X-chromosome inactivation

A

the turning off of one x chromosome in female cells

36
Q

Cell membrane: parts and functions

A

Found in all cells
Thin layer of phospholipids and proteins that separate the cell’s contents from the environment
5-10 mm thick (not important)
Controls transport of substances in and out of the cell
Stabilized by cholesterol and have outward facing heads (hydrophilic), inward facing tails (hydrophobic)
Proteins that help with function

37
Q

What are three kinds of membrane proteins and what do they do?

A

Transport proteins: regulate the movement of water soluble molecules through the membrane
Receptor proteins: sets off a cellular response when specific molecules bond to them
Recognition/marker proteins: identify the cell as part of self or as a particular kind of organism

38
Q

Cytoplasm: parts and functions

A

Found in all cells
Made of cytosol (semifluid substance made primarily of water and organic compounds)
Contains organelles that perform specialized functions

39
Q

Cytoskeleton: parts and functions

A 
Found in all cells
A network of protein fibers and tubes found throughout the cytoplasm
Gives support
Roadways 
Cell transport
40
Q

Nucleus: parts and functions

A

Found in plant and animal cells
Contains nearly all the cell’s DNA and with it the coded instructions for making proteins and other important molecules
Surrounded by a double layer of phospholipid called nuclear envelope
Nuclear pores allow mRNA and other materials a way in and out
Nucleolus forms ribosomes
Contains chromatin which can condense into chromosomes

41
Q

Ribosome: parts and functions

A

Found in all cells
Proteins are assembled on ribosomes.
Small particles of RNA and protein

42
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum: parts and functions

A

Smooth ER
transitional area for transport vesicles
carbohydrate and lipid synthesis

Rough ER
manufactures membranes
synthesizes proteins

43
Q

Golgi apparatus: parts and functions

A

Found in plant and animal cells
Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage in the cell or secretion outside the cell

44
Q

Lysosome: parts and functions

A

Found in plant and animal cells
Small organelles filled with enzymes that digest lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell
Break down organelles that have outlived their usefulness

45
Q

Vacuoles: parts and functions

A

Found in plant and animal cells
Sac-like structures that store materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates
Maintains homeostasis through water control and storage

46
Q

Mitochondria: parts and functions

A

Contains its own DNA
Convert chemical energy stored in food into compounds that the cell can use
Power-house of the cell

47
Q

Chloroplasts: parts and functions

A

Found in plant cells
Organelles that capture energy from sunlight and convert it to chemical energy in photosynthesis
Contains its own DNA

48
Q

Centriole: parts and functions

A 
Found in animal cells
Located near the nucleus
Organizes cell division
Not found in plant cells
Made of tubulin
49
Q

Cell wall: parts and functions

A

Found in plant cells

Provides support and protection for the cell

50
Q

Microfilaments: parts and functions

A

Threadlike structures made of actin.
Make extensive networks to support the cell and help them move.
They assemble and disassemble to allow for cytoplasmic movement, allowing amoebas to crawl along surfaces.

51
Q

Microtubules: parts and functions

A

Hollow structures made out of proteins called tubulins.
Help maintain cell shape and form the mitotic spindle, which is needed in cell division.
Build projections on the surface of the cell called cilia for movement in water

52
Q

What is found in plant cells?

A

cell wall, chloroplast, large vacuole

53
Q

What is found in animal cells?

A

no cell wall, no chloroplasts, small vacuoles, has centrioles

54
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

55
Q

What are the two problems that all cells that grow large face?

A

Not enough space in nucleus for transcription (greater DNA demands).
Problems with surface area to volume ratio (difficulty exchanging material)

56
Q

What happens in the G1 phase?

A

Cells do most of their growing

Increase in size and make new proteins and organelles

57
Q

What happens in the S phase?

A

DNA replication
All chromosomes replicated
Chromosomes consist of 2 sister chromatids in chromatin form now

58
Q

What happens in the G2 phase?

A

Second growth phase
Reproduction of some organelles
High microtubule production
Cells grow in size

59
Q

What happens in the G0 phase?

A

Usually for non-dividing cells
(muscle, nerve, or senescent cells)
Can occur for cells that are damaged as an alternative to apoptosis
Can be temporary or permanent
Gap phase while in a resting state or performing assigned duties

60
Q

Order of mitosis

A 
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
(PMAT)
Cytokinesis
61
Q

What happens in Prophase?

A 
(positioning)
Longest phase of mitosis
Chromosomes condense
Centrioles separate and take up positions on opposite sides of nucleus
Nuclear envelope breaks down
Mitotic spindles form
62
Q

What happens in Metaphase?

A

(middle)
“Tug and pull” of spindle brings the chromatids to the middle of the cell
Each centromere is connected to the two poles of the spindle by microtubules

63
Q

What happens in Anaphase?

A

[away]
Chromosomes move to opposite poles
The sister chromatids are pulled away from each other into individual chromosomes

64
Q

What happens in Telophase?

A

[two]
Two daughter nuclei form in the cell
Two new nuclear envelopes form
Chromosomes unwind forming chromatin

65
Q

What happens in Cytokinesis?

A

The cytoplasm splits

Two daughter cells are created

66
Q

What are the four functions of the cell membrane?

A

To isolate the cell cytoplasm from the environment.
To regulate the exchange of essential substances between the cytoplasm and the external environment.
To communicate with other cells.
To identify the cell as belonging to a particular organism.

Living Earth Semester 2 (6 decks)

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