Unit 8A Motivation Flashcards
Motivation
A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
Instinct
A complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned
Drive-reduction Theory
The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
Homeostasis
A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level
Incentives
They are positive or negative environmental stimuli that motivates behaviors (Ex. You smell cookies baking and now want to feed your need to eat)
Optimal arousal
The motivation to seek optimum levels of arousal
Yerkes-Dodson Law
Difficult or challenging tasks cause arousal to be lower, and easy tasks cause arousal to be higher
Incentive theories
External stimuli “push” people to positive incentives and “pull” people away from negative incentives
What is a hierarchy of needs?
Beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active
Who created the concept of a hierarchy of needs?
Abraham Maslow
Glucose
The form of sugar that circulated in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues
What is the role of the lateral hypothalamus (the sides of the hypothalamus)?
It brings on hunger, so if it is destroyed then even starving animals won’t be hungry
What is the role of the ventromedial hypothalamus (lower mid-hypothalamus)? What happens if it is destroyed?
It depresses hunger. Stimulate this area and an animal will stop eating; destroy it and the animals stomach and intestines will process food more rapidly, causing it to become extremely fat.
Insulin
Secreted by pancreas; controls blood glucose
Leptin
Secreted by fat cells; when abundant, causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger
Orexin
Hunger triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus
Ghrelin
Secreted by empty stomach; sends “I’m hungry” signals to the brain
Obestatin
Secreted by stomach; sends out “I’m full” signals to the brain
PYY
Digestive tract hormone; sends “I’m not hungry” signals to the brain
Set point
The point at which an individuals “weight thermostat” is supposedly set.
What happens when the body falls below the set point?
An increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight
What is basal metabolic rate?
The body’s resting rate of energy expenditure
Neophobia
A dislike of things unfamiliar to you
Social facilitation
The presence of others tends to amplify our natural behavior tendencies (Ex. We may realize after a party that we have overeaten)
Unit bias
When people are served larger portions of food they eat more
Anorexia nervosa
An ED in which a person (usually an adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly (15% or more) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve
Bulimia nervosa
An ED characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise
Binge-eating disorder
Significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory fasting, etc
What is the role of fat cells in obesity?
In an obese person, fat cells may swell to two or three times their normal size and then divide or trigger nearby, immature, fat cells to divide - resulting in more fat cells. Once the number of fat cells increases it never decreases, but their fat cells could shrink.
How does sleep loss affect weight gain?
With sleep deprivation, the levels of leptin (which reports body fat to the brain) fall and ghrelin (the stomach hormone that stimulates appetite) rise, therefore you’re more vulnerable to obesity
How does social influence affect weight gain?
People are more likely to become obese when a friend becomes obese
How does changing food consumption and activity levels affect weight gain?
The availability of unhealthy foods, and how normal they are in your society can cause you to gain weight
Sexual response cycle
The four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.
Refractory period
A testing period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve orgasm
Estrogen
A sec hormone secreted in greater amounts of females than by males and contributing to female sex characteristics
Testosterone
The most important of the male sex hormones: stimulates the growth of male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty
Sexual orientation
An enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own sex or the other sex
Competence motivation
Show by people who are driven to master a task or achieve a personal goal
Achievement motivation
Occurs when people try to outdo, or beat, other people
Self-efficacy belief
Level of confidence one has when facing the challenges and demands of a situation
Arousal theory
Motivation aims not to eliminate arousal but to seek optimum levels of arousal
Maslow’s hierarchy of 6 needs (from least important to most)
- Self- transcendence (need to find meaning)
- Self-actualization (need to live up to our potential)
- Esteem needs
- Belongingness and love
- Safety
- Physiological (need to satisfy hunger or thirst)
What was Ancel Keys experiment?
- fed 36 volunteers just enough to maintain initial weight, then cut rations in half
- they lost interest in any activities not involving food
- conclusion: food and hunger have a powerful effect on us
What was Washburn’s experiment?
- swallowed a balloon, which measured stomach contractions
- he would press a button each time he felt hungry
- conclusion: our stomachs contracts when we feel hungry
Ostracism
Social exclusion - leads to depression
Cyber-ostracism
Ignored friend request on Facebook, unanswered email, checked kakao message but no reply
Anterior Cingulate Cortex
Brain area activated in response to physical pain and social pain
What biological factors influence hunger?
- hypothalamic centers in the brain monitoring appetite
- appetite hormones
- stomach pangs
- weight set/settling point
- attraction to sweet and salty tastes
- adaptive wariness toward novel foods
What 2 social factors influence hunger?
- culturally learned taste preferences
- responses to cultural preferences for appearance
