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AP Psych > Unit 8A Motivation > Flashcards

Unit 8A Motivation Flashcards

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1
Q

Motivation

A

A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

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2
Q

Instinct

A

A complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

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3
Q

Drive-reduction Theory

A

The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

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4
Q

Homeostasis

A

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

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5
Q

Incentives

A

They are positive or negative environmental stimuli that motivates behaviors (Ex. You smell cookies baking and now want to feed your need to eat)

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6
Q

Optimal arousal

A

The motivation to seek optimum levels of arousal

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7
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

Difficult or challenging tasks cause arousal to be lower, and easy tasks cause arousal to be higher

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8
Q

Incentive theories

A

External stimuli “push” people to positive incentives and “pull” people away from negative incentives

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9
Q

What is a hierarchy of needs?

A

Beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active

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10
Q

Who created the concept of a hierarchy of needs?

A

Abraham Maslow

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11
Q

Glucose

A

The form of sugar that circulated in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues

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12
Q

What is the role of the lateral hypothalamus (the sides of the hypothalamus)?

A

It brings on hunger, so if it is destroyed then even starving animals won’t be hungry

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13
Q

What is the role of the ventromedial hypothalamus (lower mid-hypothalamus)? What happens if it is destroyed?

A

It depresses hunger. Stimulate this area and an animal will stop eating; destroy it and the animals stomach and intestines will process food more rapidly, causing it to become extremely fat.

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14
Q

Insulin

A

Secreted by pancreas; controls blood glucose

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15
Q

Leptin

A

Secreted by fat cells; when abundant, causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger

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16
Q

Orexin

A

Hunger triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus

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17
Q

Ghrelin

A

Secreted by empty stomach; sends “I’m hungry” signals to the brain

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18
Q

Obestatin

A

Secreted by stomach; sends out “I’m full” signals to the brain

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19
Q

PYY

A

Digestive tract hormone; sends “I’m not hungry” signals to the brain

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20
Q

Set point

A

The point at which an individuals “weight thermostat” is supposedly set.

21
Q

What happens when the body falls below the set point?

A

An increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight

22
Q

What is basal metabolic rate?

A

The body’s resting rate of energy expenditure

23
Q

Neophobia

A

A dislike of things unfamiliar to you

24
Q

Social facilitation

A

The presence of others tends to amplify our natural behavior tendencies (Ex. We may realize after a party that we have overeaten)

25
Q

Unit bias

A

When people are served larger portions of food they eat more

26
Q

Anorexia nervosa

A

An ED in which a person (usually an adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly (15% or more) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve

27
Q

Bulimia nervosa

A

An ED characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

28
Q

Binge-eating disorder

A

Significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory fasting, etc

29
Q

What is the role of fat cells in obesity?

A

In an obese person, fat cells may swell to two or three times their normal size and then divide or trigger nearby, immature, fat cells to divide - resulting in more fat cells. Once the number of fat cells increases it never decreases, but their fat cells could shrink.

30
Q

How does sleep loss affect weight gain?

A

With sleep deprivation, the levels of leptin (which reports body fat to the brain) fall and ghrelin (the stomach hormone that stimulates appetite) rise, therefore you’re more vulnerable to obesity

31
Q

How does social influence affect weight gain?

A

People are more likely to become obese when a friend becomes obese

32
Q

How does changing food consumption and activity levels affect weight gain?

A

The availability of unhealthy foods, and how normal they are in your society can cause you to gain weight

33
Q

Sexual response cycle

A

The four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

34
Q

Refractory period

A

A testing period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve orgasm

35
Q

Estrogen

A

A sec hormone secreted in greater amounts of females than by males and contributing to female sex characteristics

36
Q

Testosterone

A

The most important of the male sex hormones: stimulates the growth of male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty

37
Q

Sexual orientation

A

An enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own sex or the other sex

38
Q

Competence motivation

A

Show by people who are driven to master a task or achieve a personal goal

39
Q

Achievement motivation

A

Occurs when people try to outdo, or beat, other people

40
Q

Self-efficacy belief

A

Level of confidence one has when facing the challenges and demands of a situation

41
Q

Arousal theory

A

Motivation aims not to eliminate arousal but to seek optimum levels of arousal

42
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of 6 needs (from least important to most)

A
  1. Self- transcendence (need to find meaning)
  2. Self-actualization (need to live up to our potential)
  3. Esteem needs
  4. Belongingness and love
  5. Safety
  6. Physiological (need to satisfy hunger or thirst)
43
Q

What was Ancel Keys experiment?

A
  • fed 36 volunteers just enough to maintain initial weight, then cut rations in half
  • they lost interest in any activities not involving food
  • conclusion: food and hunger have a powerful effect on us
44
Q

What was Washburn’s experiment?

A
  • swallowed a balloon, which measured stomach contractions
  • he would press a button each time he felt hungry
  • conclusion: our stomachs contracts when we feel hungry
45
Q

Ostracism

A

Social exclusion - leads to depression

46
Q

Cyber-ostracism

A

Ignored friend request on Facebook, unanswered email, checked kakao message but no reply

47
Q

Anterior Cingulate Cortex

A

Brain area activated in response to physical pain and social pain

48
Q

What biological factors influence hunger?

A
  • hypothalamic centers in the brain monitoring appetite
  • appetite hormones
  • stomach pangs
  • weight set/settling point
  • attraction to sweet and salty tastes
  • adaptive wariness toward novel foods
49
Q

What 2 social factors influence hunger?

A
  • culturally learned taste preferences
  • responses to cultural preferences for appearance

AP Psych (12 decks)

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