Unit 7B Thinking, Problem Solving, Creativity, and Language Flashcards
Cognition
The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
What does a cognitive psychologist do?
They study the logical and sometimes illogical ways in which we create concepts, solve problems, make decisions, and judgments
Schema/Concept
A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people (Ex. When I think of dogs that includes all diff breeds)
Prototypes
Mental images or best examples of a category
Algorithms
A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem (Ex. The step-by-step procedure to solving a math problem)
Heuristics
A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently
What are 2 differences between algorithms and heuristics?
Heuristics are faster but more error prone than algorithms
Insight
A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts w strategy-based solutions
Creativity
The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas
Convergent thinking
Determining one correct answer
Divergent thinking
Determining many uses for one thing (this is easiest for creative ppl)
What did Robert Sternberg say were the five components of creativity?
- Expertise
- Imaginative thinking skills
- A venturesome personality
- Intrinsic motivation
- A creative environment
Confirmation bias
A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
Fixation
The inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set
Mental set
A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
Functional fixedness
The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving (Ex. You might view a thumbtack as something that can only be used to hold paper to a cork board)
Representative heuristics
Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information