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AP Psych > Unit 7B Thinking, Problem Solving, Creativity, and Language > Flashcards

Unit 7B Thinking, Problem Solving, Creativity, and Language Flashcards

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1
Q

Cognition

A

The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

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2
Q

What does a cognitive psychologist do?

A

They study the logical and sometimes illogical ways in which we create concepts, solve problems, make decisions, and judgments

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3
Q

Schema/Concept

A

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people (Ex. When I think of dogs that includes all diff breeds)

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4
Q

Prototypes

A

Mental images or best examples of a category

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5
Q

Algorithms

A

A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem (Ex. The step-by-step procedure to solving a math problem)

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6
Q

Heuristics

A

A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently

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7
Q

What are 2 differences between algorithms and heuristics?

A

Heuristics are faster but more error prone than algorithms

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8
Q

Insight

A

A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts w strategy-based solutions

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9
Q

Creativity

A

The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

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10
Q

Convergent thinking

A

Determining one correct answer

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11
Q

Divergent thinking

A

Determining many uses for one thing (this is easiest for creative ppl)

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12
Q

What did Robert Sternberg say were the five components of creativity?

A
  1. Expertise
  2. Imaginative thinking skills
  3. A venturesome personality
  4. Intrinsic motivation
  5. A creative environment
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13
Q

Confirmation bias

A

A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

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14
Q

Fixation

A

The inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set

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15
Q

Mental set

A

A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

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16
Q

Functional fixedness

A

The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving (Ex. You might view a thumbtack as something that can only be used to hold paper to a cork board)

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17
Q

Representative heuristics

A

Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information

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18
Q

Availability heuristic

A

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because you saw them on the news a couple times) we presume they are common

19
Q

Overconfidence

A

The tendency to be more confident than correct - to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgment

20
Q

Belief perseverance

A

Clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

21
Q

Intuition

A

An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning

22
Q

Framing

A

The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments

23
Q

Language

A

Our spoken, written, or signed words and the way we combine them to communicate meaning

24
Q

Phonemes

A

In language, the smallest distinctive sound unit (Ex. B-A-T (3), CH-A-T (3))

25
Q

Morphemes

A

I’m language, the smallest units that carry meaning; may be a word or part of a word, like a prefix (Ex. Bat, pre-, -ed, etc)

26
Q

Grammar

A

A system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others

27
Q

Semantics

A

The set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning (Ex. Semantic rule tells us that adding -ed to the word laugh means that it happened in the past)

28
Q

Syntax

A

The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language (Ex. In English syntactical rule says that adjectives come before nouns; White House. In Spanish it’s the opposite; casa blanca.)

29
Q

About how old are babies when they start babbling?

A

4 months

30
Q

One-word stage

A

The stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words

31
Q

Telegraphic speech

A

An early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram - “go car” - using mostly nouns and verbs

32
Q

Language activation device

A

A “switch box” that needs to be turned either “on” or “off” for us to understand and produce language

33
Q

Linguistic determinism

A

Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think (Ex. A tribe has no past tense in there language, so they must not think about the past)

34
Q

What increases our overconfidence?

A

Heuristics, confirmation of beliefs, and the inclination to explain failures

35
Q

Exaggerated Fear

A

The opposite of having overconfidence is having an exaggerated fear about what may happen. Such fears may be unfounded. (Ex. The 9/11 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear)

36
Q

Receptive Language

A

Is the child’s ability to comprehend speech. Begins to mature before their productive language, which is their ability to produce words.

37
Q

Productive Language

A

Is a child’s ability to produce words (improves with improvement of receptive language)

38
Q

How did BF Skinner (Behavioral Psychology) think children acquire language?

A
  • through operant learning
  • language acquisition is association, imitation, and reinforcement
  • grammar and sentence structure are learned through positive and negative reinforcement
39
Q

How did Noam Chomsky (Linguist) think children acquire language?

A
  • we learn language too quickly for it to be through reinforcement and punishment
  • inborn universal language acquisition device + grammar
40
Q

Universal Grammar

A
  • all human languages have the same grammatical building blocks, such as nouns and verbs, subjects and objects, negations and questions
  • we all start speaking mostly in nouns
  • we all follow language development stages
41
Q

Critical Period

A

Children can’t perform that same statistical analysis and intense language acquisition through our whole life

42
Q

Mental Practice

A

Repeatedly imagining achieving your goals under several different conditions

43
Q

Retroactive Interference

A

Occurs when new information makes it harder to recall something you learned earlier

44
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Associated with speech production and articulation

AP Psych (12 decks)

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