Unit 8.1 Flashcards
what are nucleotides?
building blocks of nucleic acids (monomers)
what are nucleotides involved in?
- ATP
- allosteric effectors (GTP, ATP)
- Secondary messengers (cAMP, cGMP)
- Components of enzyme cofactors (e.g. Coenzyme A)
- Components of metabolic intermediates (e.g., UDP-glucose)
what are nucleic acids?
Nucleotide polymers (DNA, RNA)
what are nucleic acids involved in?
- Storing genetic information (DNA)
- templates for translating information (RNA)
- catalytic activity (RNA)
- regulating gene expression (RNA)
*RNA is more diverse in function than DNA b/c it is more diverse in structure
what is the central dogma?
DNA > RNA > Proteins
What is DNA?
Information storage
How does DNA go to RNA to Protein?
DNA is transcribed into RNA. RNA is translated to proteins
What is transcription vs. translation
- transcription is the precise copying of information from DNA to RNA. Translation is the conversion from RNA to protein language.
- transcription happens first
what part does protein play in the central dogma?
- proteins are responsible for transcribing and translating DNA and RNA
What it is called when RNA goes to DNA?
reverse transcription.
* this can be done by retroviruses
What occurs in the nucleus?
A. Replication
B. Transcription
C. RNA processing
D. mRNA translation
A, B, C
What occurs in the cytoplasm/cytosol?
A. Transcription
B. RNA processing
C. mRNA translation
D. Replication
C
Where are ribosomes assembled?
The nucleolus
What organisms were critical in learning about DNA replication, transcription, etc?
viruses
What is the DNA backbone made of?
Sugars (pentoses), Phosphate groups and the nitrogenous bases are attached to the backbone
What is the difference between Ribose and deoxyribose? Similarity?
Ribose: the 2’ carbon has an -OH group
Deoxyribose: the 2’ carbon has an -H group
Both ring formation is from 1’ to 4’
Describe purines
- Adenine and Guanine
- have two rings
- both adenine and guanine have a -NH2 bound
Describe pyrimidines
- Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine
- have a single ring
- all have one or two double bonded oxygens
- thymine is essentially methylated Uracil
Where and when are cytosine, uracil, and thymine used?
Cytosine: DNA and RNA
Uracil: RNA only
Thymine: Put together (denovo) DNA
What is the difference between a nucleoside and a nucleotide?
- Nucleoside does NOT contain a phosphate
- Nucleotide does contain a phosphate group
Identify how many phosphates the following nucleotides have:
- Nucleoside monophosphate (NMP)
- Nucleoside diphosphate (NDP)
- Nucleoside triphosphate (NTP)
- ONE phosphate
- TWO
- THREE
LIST the Adenine (A) terminology as a nucleoside and nucleotide in RNA and DNA
Nucleoside in RNA: Adenosine
Nucleoside in DNA: Deoxyadenosine (deprotanated)
Nucleotide in RNA: Adenylate
Nucleotide in DNA: Deoxyadenylate (deprotonated)
LIST the Guanine (G) terminology as a nucleoside and nucleotide in RNA and DNA
Nucleoside in RNA: Guanosine
Nucleoside in DNA: Deoxyguanosine
Nucleotide in RNA: Guanylate
Nucleotide in DNA: Deoxyguanosine (deprotonated)
LIST the Cytosine (C) terminology as a nucleoside and nucleotide in RNA and DNA
Nucleoside in RNA: Cytidine
Nucleoside in DNA: deoxycytidine
Nucleotide in RNA: Cytidylate
Nucleotide in DNA: deoxycytidylate
LIST the Thymine (T) and Uracil (U) terminology as a nucleoside and nucleotide in RNA and DNA
Nucleoside in RNA: Uridine
Nucleoside in DNA: Deoxythymidine
Nucleotide in RNA: Uridylate
Nucleoside in DNA: deoxythymidylate
What are the bonds between nucleotides, found in nucleic acid primary structure?
- phosphodiester bonds. They are covalent
- Bond is between the 3’ carbon and 5’ carbon. The -OH on the 3’ bonds to the phosphate on the 5’.
What bonds are formed between the sugar and base? and Where?
N-glycosidic bond. (aka B-Glycosidic linkage)
- anomeric C-atom (1’ carbon)
- N-9 in purines
- N-1 in pyrimidines
What is the directionality of Nucleic acids?
- 5’ to 3’ direction
What is the difference between oligonucleotides and polynucleotides?
- oligonucleotides are anything shorter than 50 nucleotides
- polynucleotides are longer than 50
What is the primary structure of nucleic acids?
the base sequence
ex.) ACG
