learning objectives 1.2

Question 1

What is asexual reproduction?

Answer 1

• reproduction that occurs without sexual interaction
• cell division occurs after duplicating genetic material
• each daughter cell is an exact copy of the parent (aka clone). exceptions to this are asymmetrical cell division of stem cells
• changes occur through mutation

Question 2

what is sexual reproduction?

Answer 2

• Interchange of genetic material between cells by fusion of cells
• involves switching from haploid to diploid forms
• produces gametes
• offspring have a combination of parental features
• changes through mutation, combination, and recombination

Question 3

what is the difference between diploid and haploid?

Answer 3

• haploid cell is one set of chromosomes
• diploid is a copy of those chromosomes (except sex chromosomes)

Question 4

Describe genome

Answer 4

• it is the totality of genetic information of a cell or organism
• a gene is a DNA segment coding for a functional product
• eukaryotes have linear chromosomes
• prokaryotes have circular chromosomes

Question 5

What are chromosomes?

Answer 5

the packaging of DNA with proteins
- more complex in eukaryotes than prokaryotes

Question 6

types of gradual evolution?

Answer 6

• includes mutations, DNA recombination, and horizontal gene transfer

Question 7

what do mutations include?

Answer 7

• Changes in DNA sequence
• includes deletions, point mutations, large-scale rearrangements, segmental duplications, inversions, and insertions
• look at slide 60

Question 8

What happens to mutations if left unrepaired?

Answer 8

• if unrepaired, passed on to daughter cells
  *in germline cells to progeny
  *in somatic cells within originating tissue

Question 9

What is horizontal gene transfer?

Answer 9

• also called lateral gene transfer (HGT)
• non sexual movement of genetic information between genomes

Question 10

Place the following in increasing order

Bacterium
Glucose
Bumblebee
Hemoglobin
Ribosome
Newborn human
C-C bond
Mitochondrion
Red Blood Cell

Answer 10

Atoms < Small molecules < Macromolecules

Question 11

Why are model organisms used?

Answer 11

• they are good for studying specific traits, diseases, or phenomenon
• they are unicellular or multicelluar
• usually well known biology
• genomic information is available
• well-characterized growth and development
• mutants
• manipulation is possible

Question 12

types of model organisms

Answer 12

• viruses
• Bacteria
• yeast
• Roundworm
• Fruit fly
• zebrafish
• Mice
• Plant