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NCM 213 A > Unit 8: The Infant, Toddler and Preschooler > Flashcards

Unit 8: The Infant, Toddler and Preschooler Flashcards

1
Q

The understanding that objects continue to exist even when not seen or sensed. An 8-month-old infant can find objects under a pillow. According to Piaget, the skill is developed at 8 months onward.

A

Object Permanence

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2
Q

What are the three most crucial events that take place during the sensorimotor phase.

A

Separation, object permanence and mental separation

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3
Q

During this stage, reflexes help the infant to experience the world and help them assimilate.

A

1st stage (birth to 1 month)

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4
Q

Primary circular reactions - reflexes are replaced with voluntary acts. Sucking or grasping become deliberate acts that elicit certain responses.

A

2nd stage (1-4 month)

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5
Q

Secondary Circular Reactions: Grasping and holding become shaking, banging, and pulling.

A

3rd stage (4-8 months)

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6
Q

3 processes of human behavior occur during the third stage or secondary circular reaction, what are these?

A

imitation, affect, object permanence

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7
Q

Increasing motor skills and discovering hidden objects is not gone; can experience an event by observing it. Also known as a transitional stage or Coordination of secondary schemas.

A

4th stage

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8
Q

Tertiary circular reactions occur at 13-18 months. True or False

A

True

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9
Q

This phase of cognitive development involves the following:
- insatiability and curiosity about the environment
- more likely to venture away from parents
- can find hidden objects
- refers to self by name
- imitates adult behaviors

A

Sensorimotor Phase

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10
Q

This phase of cognitive development involves the following:
- uses 2-3 word phrases
- possessive of toys
- uses more future oriented terms

A

Pre-operational Stage

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11
Q

When does the 1-year-old weight doubles?

A

5 years of age

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12
Q

During pre-school, a total of ___ primary teeth is expected to erupt.

A

20

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13
Q

During what age does hand preference develops.

A

3 years old

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14
Q

What is the average growth per year of pre-school?

A

3 inches

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15
Q

What is the average weight gain per year during pre-school?

A

5 lbs

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16
Q

During what stage can an individual start to hop, skip, and run more smoothly?

A

pre-school

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17
Q

Can walk, sun and jump well at what age?

A

3 years

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18
Q

At 4 years preschoolers are _____.
A. aggressive
B. Independent

A

A. aggressive

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19
Q

At 5 years preschoolers are _____.
A. aggressive
B. Independent

A

B. Independent

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20
Q

It is best for infants younger than 6 months.

A

Human Milk

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21
Q

When can solid food be administered in infants?

A

6 months of age

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22
Q

What is the recommended initial weaning for infants.

A

Rice cereal fortified with iron

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23
Q

Should not be given to infants who are less than 1 year

A

honey and cow’s milk

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24
Q

Delay foods that may cause allergies like.

A

orange juice, fish, nuts, strawberries, chocolate and egg white

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25
Q

Supplements for preterm birth infants

A

Iron supplements

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26
Q

Supplement for infant on areas with inadequate fluoridation.

A

fluoride supplement.

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27
Q

Infants need almost ___ times more calories per kilogram of weight than adults.

A

3

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28
Q

This type of diet should not be given to infants younger than 2 years old.

A

Low fat diet

29
Q

Brain growth of infants is ____ the adult size

A

2/3

30
Q

____ fontanel closes at 8 months

A

Posterior

31
Q

Closes between 12-18 months

A

Anterior

32
Q

> ____ from the plotted curve require further evaluation.

A

2

33
Q

Birthweight of toddlers _____ by 2.5 years of age

A

quadruples

34
Q

Average toddler grows about ____ inches per year.

A

3

35
Q

Average toddler gains about ____ lbs per year.

A

5

36
Q

What is the total increase in head circumference of a toddler after 1 year?

A

1 inch

37
Q

After 1 year how many inch increases until 5 year? (toddler)

A

1/2

38
Q

What are the nursing considerations for toddler?

A
  • use a potty chair or place the child on a toilet facing the tank
  • bowel training is usually attempted first
  • do not leave the toddler on the toilet for more than a few minutes at a time
  • bladder training can begin when the toddler stays dry for about 12 hours
  • if a toddler has special words for defecation or urination, be sure to tell the healthcare provider
39
Q

Toilet training should be a ______ experience for the toddler

A

nonstressful

40
Q

It refers to the excessive interest in oneself and concern for one’s own welfare or advantage at the expense of or in disregard of others.
A. Egocentrism
B. Animism
C. Artificialism
D. Centering
E. Egocentric Thinking

A

A. Egocentrism

41
Q

It is the attribution of a soul to plants, inanimate objects, and natural phenomena.
A. Egocentrism
B. Animism
C. Artificialism
D. Centering
E. Egocentric Thinking

A

B. Animism

42
Q

The belief is that environmental characteristics can be attributed to human actions or interventions.
A. Egocentrism
B. Animism
C. Artificialism
D. Centering
E. Egocentric Thinking

A

C. Artificialism

43
Q

A technique whose aim is to increase and focus attention and energy, to provide relief from stress and anxiety, or both.
A. Egocentrism
B. Animism
C. Artificialism
D. Centering
E. Egocentric Thinking

A

D. Centering

44
Q

A preschool child might sympathize with their parent and try to comfort them by offering a favorite toy or stuffed animal.
A. Egocentrism
B. Animism
C. Artificialism
D. Centering
E. Egocentric Thinking

A

E. Egocentric Thinking

45
Q

How many types of food should be introduced every week to an infant?

A

1

46
Q

Is it okay to introduce new food if the infant is ill? Yes or No

A

No

47
Q

Mixing cereal and baby food is recommended for infants. True or False

A

False

48
Q

What should be the parents’ goal when disciplining their child?

A

Teach not punish

49
Q

How long should the time out be for a 3-year-old.

A

3 minutes (1 minute per year of age; no interaction or eye contact during the time-out)

50
Q

Pincer Grasp is what type of motor development?

A

Fine motor

51
Q

At what age does pincer grasp develop?

A

10 months

52
Q

Grasp pellet with the side or index finger and thumb

A

inferior pincer grasp

53
Q

This type of pincer grasp develop at 8-9 months

A

Crude Pincer Grasp

54
Q

This type of Pincer Grasp is developed at 11-12 months

A

Well developed pincer grasp

55
Q

A sudden drop of the infant’s head causes the infant to extend their arms and then flex them as if grasping.

A

Moro/Startle Reflex

56
Q

Stroking of the lateral aspect of the sole causes dorsiflexion.

A

Plantar Reflex/Babinski Sign

57
Q

In a rooting reflex, the stimulus is stroking the cheek/mouth. What is the reaction?

A

Orientation of the mouth towards the stimulus (4 months disappears)

58
Q

What reflex is exhibited by an infant who closes their hand as a finger is slid across the palm? (disappears at 6 months)

A

Palmar Grasp

59
Q

Babinski Relfex disappears at ____ months.

A

12

60
Q

What is the reaction for tonic neck reflex?

A

Fencing Posture

61
Q

What is the common security objects for toddlers?

A

Blankets

62
Q

What are the major indicators of concern when it comes to reflexes.

A
  • Primitive reflexes persist > 6 months of age
  • use of only 1 hand < 12 months of age
63
Q

What are the contraindications for breastfeeding?

A

Galactosemia
Phenylketonuria
HIV
Chemotherapy
Radioactive Isotope Therapy
Illicit drug use
Active, untreated pulmonary tuberculosis

64
Q

Is selective about food, color, taste, texture, or smell but will eat to maintain growth and development.

A

Picky eater

65
Q

Is refusing to eat to maintain growth and development, leads to weight loss and developmental delays.

A

feeding disorder

66
Q

What is the average total sleep requirements of a 2 year old toddler

A

12 hours

67
Q

What is the most common cause of sleep problems?

A

Fear of separation

68
Q

Bedtime rituals and transitional objects that represent security.

A

Blankets and toys

NCM 213 A (4 decks)

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