Unit 8: The Infant, Toddler and Preschooler Flashcards
The understanding that objects continue to exist even when not seen or sensed. An 8-month-old infant can find objects under a pillow. According to Piaget, the skill is developed at 8 months onward.
Object Permanence
What are the three most crucial events that take place during the sensorimotor phase.
Separation, object permanence and mental separation
During this stage, reflexes help the infant to experience the world and help them assimilate.
1st stage (birth to 1 month)
Primary circular reactions - reflexes are replaced with voluntary acts. Sucking or grasping become deliberate acts that elicit certain responses.
2nd stage (1-4 month)
Secondary Circular Reactions: Grasping and holding become shaking, banging, and pulling.
3rd stage (4-8 months)
3 processes of human behavior occur during the third stage or secondary circular reaction, what are these?
imitation, affect, object permanence
Increasing motor skills and discovering hidden objects is not gone; can experience an event by observing it. Also known as a transitional stage or Coordination of secondary schemas.
4th stage
Tertiary circular reactions occur at 13-18 months. True or False
True
This phase of cognitive development involves the following:
- insatiability and curiosity about the environment
- more likely to venture away from parents
- can find hidden objects
- refers to self by name
- imitates adult behaviors
Sensorimotor Phase
This phase of cognitive development involves the following:
- uses 2-3 word phrases
- possessive of toys
- uses more future oriented terms
Pre-operational Stage
When does the 1-year-old weight doubles?
5 years of age
During pre-school, a total of ___ primary teeth is expected to erupt.
20
During what age does hand preference develops.
3 years old
What is the average growth per year of pre-school?
3 inches
What is the average weight gain per year during pre-school?
5 lbs
During what stage can an individual start to hop, skip, and run more smoothly?
pre-school
Can walk, sun and jump well at what age?
3 years
At 4 years preschoolers are _____.
A. aggressive
B. Independent
A. aggressive
At 5 years preschoolers are _____.
A. aggressive
B. Independent
B. Independent
It is best for infants younger than 6 months.
Human Milk
When can solid food be administered in infants?
6 months of age
What is the recommended initial weaning for infants.
Rice cereal fortified with iron
Should not be given to infants who are less than 1 year
honey and cow’s milk
Delay foods that may cause allergies like.
orange juice, fish, nuts, strawberries, chocolate and egg white
Supplements for preterm birth infants
Iron supplements
Supplement for infant on areas with inadequate fluoridation.
fluoride supplement.
Infants need almost ___ times more calories per kilogram of weight than adults.
3
This type of diet should not be given to infants younger than 2 years old.
Low fat diet
Brain growth of infants is ____ the adult size
2/3
____ fontanel closes at 8 months
Posterior
Closes between 12-18 months
Anterior
> ____ from the plotted curve require further evaluation.
2
Birthweight of toddlers _____ by 2.5 years of age
quadruples
Average toddler grows about ____ inches per year.
3
Average toddler gains about ____ lbs per year.
5
What is the total increase in head circumference of a toddler after 1 year?
1 inch
After 1 year how many inch increases until 5 year? (toddler)
1/2
What are the nursing considerations for toddler?
- use a potty chair or place the child on a toilet facing the tank
- bowel training is usually attempted first
- do not leave the toddler on the toilet for more than a few minutes at a time
- bladder training can begin when the toddler stays dry for about 12 hours
- if a toddler has special words for defecation or urination, be sure to tell the healthcare provider
Toilet training should be a ______ experience for the toddler
nonstressful
It refers to the excessive interest in oneself and concern for one’s own welfare or advantage at the expense of or in disregard of others.
A. Egocentrism
B. Animism
C. Artificialism
D. Centering
E. Egocentric Thinking
A. Egocentrism
It is the attribution of a soul to plants, inanimate objects, and natural phenomena.
A. Egocentrism
B. Animism
C. Artificialism
D. Centering
E. Egocentric Thinking
B. Animism
The belief is that environmental characteristics can be attributed to human actions or interventions.
A. Egocentrism
B. Animism
C. Artificialism
D. Centering
E. Egocentric Thinking
C. Artificialism
A technique whose aim is to increase and focus attention and energy, to provide relief from stress and anxiety, or both.
A. Egocentrism
B. Animism
C. Artificialism
D. Centering
E. Egocentric Thinking
D. Centering
A preschool child might sympathize with their parent and try to comfort them by offering a favorite toy or stuffed animal.
A. Egocentrism
B. Animism
C. Artificialism
D. Centering
E. Egocentric Thinking
E. Egocentric Thinking
How many types of food should be introduced every week to an infant?
1
Is it okay to introduce new food if the infant is ill? Yes or No
No
Mixing cereal and baby food is recommended for infants. True or False
False
What should be the parents’ goal when disciplining their child?
Teach not punish
How long should the time out be for a 3-year-old.
3 minutes (1 minute per year of age; no interaction or eye contact during the time-out)
Pincer Grasp is what type of motor development?
Fine motor
At what age does pincer grasp develop?
10 months
Grasp pellet with the side or index finger and thumb
inferior pincer grasp
This type of pincer grasp develop at 8-9 months
Crude Pincer Grasp
This type of Pincer Grasp is developed at 11-12 months
Well developed pincer grasp
A sudden drop of the infant’s head causes the infant to extend their arms and then flex them as if grasping.
Moro/Startle Reflex
Stroking of the lateral aspect of the sole causes dorsiflexion.
Plantar Reflex/Babinski Sign
In a rooting reflex, the stimulus is stroking the cheek/mouth. What is the reaction?
Orientation of the mouth towards the stimulus (4 months disappears)
What reflex is exhibited by an infant who closes their hand as a finger is slid across the palm? (disappears at 6 months)
Palmar Grasp
Babinski Relfex disappears at ____ months.
12
What is the reaction for tonic neck reflex?
Fencing Posture
What is the common security objects for toddlers?
Blankets
What are the major indicators of concern when it comes to reflexes.
- Primitive reflexes persist > 6 months of age
- use of only 1 hand < 12 months of age
What are the contraindications for breastfeeding?
Galactosemia
Phenylketonuria
HIV
Chemotherapy
Radioactive Isotope Therapy
Illicit drug use
Active, untreated pulmonary tuberculosis
Is selective about food, color, taste, texture, or smell but will eat to maintain growth and development.
Picky eater
Is refusing to eat to maintain growth and development, leads to weight loss and developmental delays.
feeding disorder
What is the average total sleep requirements of a 2 year old toddler
12 hours
What is the most common cause of sleep problems?
Fear of separation
Bedtime rituals and transitional objects that represent security.
Blankets and toys
