UNIT 7: Schooler, Adolescent and the Family Flashcards
- this age group is under ages 6 to 12 years old
- they are more engrossed in fact than fantasy
- develop first close peer relationships outside the family group
- Often judged by their performance
- Sense of industry and development of positive self-esteem directly influenced by peer group
School Age
In Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory of Development, School Age is under what stage?
Stage 4: Industry vs Inferiority
In Freud’s Psychosexual Theory of Development, School Age is at what stage?
Stage 4: Latent Stage
In Piaget’s Cognitive theory
Concrete Operation
______ gain is more rapid than increase in ______
Weight. Height
During the school-age brain has approximately reached adult size. True or False
True
During the school age, height increases by ______ inches per year
1 - 2
During the school age, weight increases by ______ kg per year or _____ kg per year
1.3 to 2.2; 2 to 3
- During this stage, the person becomes more graceful and steadier on their feet.
- leaner, more athletic in appearance
- Slimmer look
- improved posture
- muscles are still functionally immature and readily injured by overuse
School Age
During school age, there is a decrease in head circumference and waist circumference in relation to standing height. True or False
True
During the school-age caloric needs are lower. True or False
True
It is defined as 2 years preceding puberty.
Typically occurs during preadolescence.
Prepubescence
In girls, prepubescence occurs earlier than boys which is _____ years earlier.
2
It is an abnormal onset of puberty
Precocious Puberty
Prepubertal girls are usually taller than boys by _____ inches
2
This type of motor skill involves the use of large bodily movements
Gross Motor Skills
This type of motor skill involves the use of small bodily movements
Fine Motor Skills
During this age, a child can skip, and jump rope; some can ride 2 wheel bicycle
6 years old
During this age, children plays either “girl games” or “boy games” according to sex.
7 years old
During this age, children can ride bicycles well. Enjoy sports. Movements are more graceful, but rapid growth of arms and legs may cause frequent stumbling and spills in the table.
8 years
During this age, a child may have a high energy, always on the go. Coordination improves and enjoys team sports.
9 years old
Interested in perfecting athletic skills.
10 years old
More awkward because of a growth spurt. May drop out of sports to avoid embarrassment.
11 years old
Participates in sports events for charities.
12 years old
During this age, a child can tie a shoelace, and draw people with details. prints; may reverse letter. Can cut with scissors; pastes; can button and zip clothes; dresses without help.
6 years old
During this age a child can start to write in cursive
8 years old
Writing begins to look mature and less awkward. Eye-hand coordination is well developed; enjoys crafts
9 years old
Fine motor control beings to approximate that of adults
11-12 years old
Early school-age children can make sentences that average about ____ to ____ words.
5;7
This may be due to hearing problems or intelligence deficits.
Language Delays
During this age, a child may begin to tell time and looses tendency to reverse letters.
6 years old
Describes situations by cause and effect; writes fairly lengthy essays
12 years old
It is one of the most significant skills that the child develops
Ability to read
- During this age, a child may start to talk in full sentences using language easily read with meaning.
- They still define object by their use
6 years old
- most can tell time in hours but they may have trouble with concepts such as half past and quarter to.
- they know the months of the year and can name the months in which holidays fall
- they can add, subtract, and make simple change
7 years old
- During this age group, they can think about language and comment on its properties. This enables them to appreciate jokes, riddles, and puns that involve lay-on words, sounds, or double meanings.
9 years old
An ability to think about language and comment on its properties.
Metalinguistic awareness
During this age, a child may carry on adult conversation.
12 years old
During the school age, a child’s personality development appears to be _____ or _____.
non-active or dormant
Failure to develop a sense of accomplishment may result in a sense of ______.
inferiority
Mastering new skills and assuming new responsibilities.
intrinsic motivation
Reinforcement in the form of grades, material rewards, additional privileges, and recognition.
extrinsic motivqtion
It is considered as a strong motivating factor.
Peer Approval
During school-age, ______ is vital to children as this is how they learn more about the world’s rules.
Conformity
This aspect of life is very important during this age group.
Peer Group
During school age, sex roles are strongly influenced by ______.
Peer relationships
During this age, they play in groups but when tired or stress, they prefer one to one contact.
6 years old
Aware of family roles and responsibilities, promises must be kept because they view them as definite, firm commitments. They tattle because they have a deep sense of justice.
7 years old
Seek company of other children, has close friends of same sex
8 years old
Value peer group seriously, dressing is influenced by peer group, friend or club age/gang age
9 years old
Enjoys privacy, have their own bedrooms, one of the best gift is box that locks
10 years old
Girls increasingly interested in boys and vice versa
11 years old
Feel more comfortable in social situations than before
12 years old
Collects items
7 years old
Like table games but hate to loose
8 years old
play hard, begin music lesson and use of social media
9 years old
playing screen games, slumber parties and campouts
10 years old
Enjoy dancing and playing table games
11 - 12 years old
- During this age, children become know-it-all all
- crave attention
- has a good sense of humor
6 years old
- perfectionist, self-critical
- becomes more sensitive, reflective, and quiet
- wants to be liked by peers
- a strong sense of justice
- aware of family roles
- believes promises are important
7 years old
- Happy, cooperative with peers
- Happy has a best friend
- Dislikes being alone
- Enjoys talking to a phone
- enjoys dramatic play
8 years old
- Joins clubs; likes secret codes and rituals
- peer opinions are more important than parents
- hero worship continues
9-10 years old
- loyal to friends and team-
- has a best friend
- Boys tease the opposite sex; girls flirt with boys
- needs privacy
- time alone
11 - 12 years old
What is the most ideal time of sex education
Middle Childhood
The ability to project one’s self into other people’s situations and see the world from their viewpoint rather than focusing only on their own view.
Decentering
The ability to adapt thought processes to fit what is perceived such as understanding that there can be more than one reason for other people’s action.
Accommodation
The ability to appreciate that the change in shape does not necessarily mean a change in size. School-age child is not fooled by perception.
Conservation
The ability that objects can belong to more than one classification. Necessary for learning mathematics and reading.
Class inclusion
During this age, a child starts to develop a concept of time.
7 - 8 years old
During this age, a child is able to order, categorize, classify object as evidenced in increased interest in collection
9 years old
Like to talk, discuss different subjects, and debate and can understand what society deems unacceptable.
12 years old
Refers to children’s ability to consider two or more pieces of information at one time when solving a problem.
Decreasing Concentration
Can think through a sequence of actions in their minds, and then reverse it to arrive back where they started.
Reversibility of Mental Sequence
Understand that the identity of the set remains the same despite the fact that its physical properties are rearranged.
Set identity
Children understand that some properties of an object remain the same even if they have acted on that object to alter its appearance.
Conservation of physical properties
A piece of clay remains the same mass whether it is rolled in a snake or clamped together.
Conservation of mass
10 M&Ms are 10M&Ms whether they are arranged in one row or two rows
Conservation of Number
Refers to the ability to understand the relationship between subordinate and superordinate classes.
Hierarchal classification
This understanding is the basis for addition and subtraction.
Hierarchical classifications
Skills become more complex. Children can categorize things along two dimensions simultaneously.
Matrix Classification
Physical matter does not appear and disappear by magic. They learn that certain properties of the environment are not changed simply by altering their disposition in space.
Conservation
During this age reward and punishment guide choices.
6-7 years
They expect punishment for misbehavior.
Children
A conscious awareness of a variety of self-perceptions.
Self Concept
This leads to feelings of self-respect, self-confidence, and happiness
Positive Self-Concept
Is what children think about their bodies and is influenced, but not solely determined by significant others.
Body Image
Is children’s pictures of their individual worth and consist of both positive and negative qualities.
Self-esteem
If they have mastered this, they will be able to face the world with feelings of pride rather than shame.
autonomy and initiative
During middle childhood the opinion of ___ and ___ are important.
Pears and teachers
It is second to the family as a socializing agent.
School
What nutrients are required for teething and pre-puberty?
Iron, Fluoride and Calcium
What is the average amount of sleep at night by school children?
9 and 1/2
During this age, deciduous teeth are gradually lost (usually central incisors and permanent teeth erupt.
6 years
What is the average number of teeth of a child between 6-12 years of age?
28 teeth
It is considered the most common injury and death-related instances in school-age children.
Motor vehicle crashes, pedestrian and passenger
School-age children mature slowly but steadily. true or false
True
When do the children start to develop secondary sex characteristics?
10 years of age
What are the common health problems during the school age?
Minor respiratory
gastrointestinal infections
Dental carries
What are common parental concerns during school age period.
language and development
fears and anxieties
behavioral problems such as stealing and exposure to recreational drugs
During this stage of life, we thrive on rules.
School age
This is the period between ages 13 and up to 20 years
Adolescent
13 to 14 years of age
early period
15 to 16 years of age
middle period
17 to 20 years of age
late period
Are bothered by the statement who I am.
Adolescent
During adolescent, body size increases faster than strength, true or false?
True
What are the major tasks during Adolescent?
Identity
Separation
Initiating Intimacy
What are the major challenges during adolescence?
Physical Growth
Coping Strategies
Communications
Healthy Lifestyle
What are the Developmental tasks during the adolescent stage?
Erikson: Identity vs Intimacy
Piaget: Abstract Reasoning
Freud: Genital Stage
It means sexual maturity is achieved.
Puberty
About 2 years before puberty, heralding physical changes.
Prepubescence
1-2 years after puberty; skeletal growth is complete and reproductive functions become establish.
Postpubescence
Time of growing into psychological, social, and physical maturation
Adolescence
Growth stops at what age?
16-17 years old for female while 18-20 years old for male
External and internal organs are necessary for reproduction. Refers to changes in the sexual organs themselves.
Primary Sex Characteristics
Results of hormonal changes which play no direct role in reproduction.
Secondary Sex Characteristics
It is termed as a feminizing hormone.
Estrogen
It is also known as masculinizing hormone
Androgen
It is called as the first occurrence of menstruation.
Menarche
Describe the stages of pubertal growth and are numbered from stage 1 to stage 5 for both males and female
Tanner Stages
Breast buds
Thelarche
Pubic Hair Growth
Adrenarche
About 2 years after thelarche, menstruation begins
Menarche
No thelarche by age 13 years
Puberty Delay
During what stage of male maturation is testicular enlargement and sparse pubic hair?
Stage 1
Penile enlargement, voice changes, early facial hair and gynecomastia
Stage 3
Penile Growth, first ejaculation, axiallary groin, and facial hair, final voice change
stage 5
Injury that occurs in early adolescence until adolescents learn more about their limits
overuse injuries
identity vs role confusion spans within what range during adolescence
early to mid
Which of the following is common in adolescence?
A. Adjusting to a new body image
B. Seeking emancipation from parents
C, Choosing a vocation
D. Determining a value system
A, B, C, and D
May be developed if young people do not achieve a sense of identity
Role Confusion
This is Erikson’s developmental task during late adolescent
Intimacy vs isolation
A sense of intimacy is closely related to the sense if trust learned in the first year of life. True or False
True
Can see situations from many view points
Older adolescents
During this time period religious belief become more abstract and principled.
Adolescents
What is the goal of social development in adolescents?
to define one’s identity independently from parents
During adolescence role change from protection-dependency to _____.
Mutual affection and equality
Assume an exceedingly significant role during adolescence.
Peer
What are the reasons for sexual experimentation?
Curiosity
Pleasure
Conquest
Peer pressure to conform
What are the common sexual complications during adolescence?
Unplanned pregnancy and STIs
What situations need an intervention?
A. Spends time in the computer early in the morning.
B. Changes the screen on the computer when a parent enters the room.
C. Has a pornographic material on the computer
D. Makes frequent long distance call.
A, B, C, and D
What nutrients are most likely inadequate during adolescence.
calcium, iron and vitamin b12
How can a school nurse help an adolescent with depression?
Recognize the depression
Encourage open communication
posting numbers of available hotlines
identifying appropriate mechanisms
providing professional referrals
What are the risk factors for developmental issues.
Age when pregnancy occurred
Nutritional Intake
Sexual Activity
Limited Access to health care
Adolescent hostility may be cause by what?
Fear of the unknown
May be an effort of grasping independence.
Rebellion
What are excellent healthcare topics when dealing with adolescents?
Motor Vehicle
Firearm
Drowning
Sports
What vitamin deficiency usually results from improper dieting during adolescent?
Vit B1 (thiamine) and Vi B2 (riboflavin)
What are the common health problems of the adolescent?
Hypertension
Poor Posture
Body piercing and tattoos
Fatigue
Menstrual irregularities
Acne
What are the threefold goal for the therapy of Acne
Decrease sebum formation
Prevent Comedones
Control Bacterial Proliferation
It reduces keratin formation and plugging of ducts
Tretinoin (Retin A cream)
Sunblock should be used with spf ____ or higher
15
Caution adolescents that for the first week or two of therapy, peeling or oxidizing agents may make the complexion appear worse.
Benzoyl peroxide or Azelaic Acid
May be prescribed to reduce bacterial level of the skin
Dapsone, tetracycline or doxycycline
Refers to repetitive, intrusive, and unwanted actions such as constant and threatening pursuit directed at an individual to gain the individual’s attention or to evoke fear.
Stalking
It is a form of organized bullying, that refers to demeaning or humiliating rituals that prospective
members have to undergo to join sororities, and fraternities.
hazing
Refers to the use of chemicals
to improve a mental state or induce euphoria.
Substance use disorder
includes a range of self-destructive actions from cutting to suicide, the planned intent to end one’s
life.
Self-injury
Is found more frequently in girls than boys and can begin as early.
Cutting
Deliberate self-injury with the intent to end one’s life. Often perceived as the only alternative to an overwhelming situation.
Suicide
What are the three major causes of adolescent death?
Accident, Homicide, Suicide
Begins at the end of adolescence to death. Time of transition from an adolescent toa person capable of assuming adult responsibility and adult decisions.
Adulthood
From the age 20-40 years of age
Early/young adult
Age 40-65
Middle-age adult
65 beyond
Older Adult
During this stage of adulthood, an individual’s satisfaction with life depends on his/her involvement in new interests, hobbies, roles, and relationships.
Early (young) adult
At what age does digestive juices decrease
30
What are the psychosocial concerns of the young adult?
- Difficulty achieving interdependence
- Anxiety related to assuming responsibility
During early adult age, right or wrong are defined in terms of?
Personal beliefs and principles
It is a common problem during midlife years.
Weight Gain
Suggests that an individual’s values and personality
develop overtime and that goals and individual
characteristics will remain constant throughout life. An individual thus learns to adapt to changes and
will tend to repeat those reactions and behaviors
that brought success in the past. 2. Middle Adulthood (40-65): Growth and
Continuity theory
As individuals age, they inevitably withdraw from society and society withdraws from them in a mutual dance of separation.
Disengagement Theory
An individual’s values and personality develop over a lifetime and that goals and individual characteristics will remain constant throughout life. An individual thus learns to adapt to changes and will tend to repeat those reactions and behaviors that brought success in the past.
Continuity Theory
An individual’s satisfaction with life depends on his/her involvement in new interests, hobbies, roles and relationships.
Activity Theory
Proposes that humans, like automobiles, have vital parts that run down with time, leading to aging and death.
Wear and Tear Theory
Proposes that events occurring in the hypothalamus and pituitary are responsible for changes in hormone production and response that results in the organism’s decline.
Endocrine Theory
Proposes that unstable free radicals result from the oxidation of organic materials, such as carbohydrates and proteins. These radicals cause biochemical changes in the cells, and the cells cannot regenerate themselves.
Free-radical Theory
Proposes that an organism is genetically programmed for a predetermined number of cell divisions, after which it dies.
Genetic Theory
Proposes that the irreversible aging of proteins such as collagen is responsible for the ultimate failure of tissues and organs.
Cross-linking Theory
Proposes that the immune system becomes less effective with age, resulting in reduced resistance to infectious diseases and viruses.
Immunological Theory
Is any situation either potential, actual, or perceived, wherein a valued object or person is changed or is not accessible to the individual.
Loss
Is a series of intense psychological and physical response occurring after a loss.
Grief
What are the 3 stages of Grief
Shock, Reality, Recovery
During this stage of grief, the person feels numb rather than physically one.
Shock Stage
A painful experience begins when the individual consciously realizes the full meaning of the loss. Anger, guilt, fear, frustration, and or helplessness may be expressed.
Reality Stage
The loss is integrated into the reality of the individual’s life. The person exhibits adaptive behavior and begins to live again, doing things that were formerly enjoyed.
Recovery Stage
A type of grief normally following a significant loss
Uncomplicated grief/normal grief
Occurrence of grief before an expected loss occurs.
Anticipatory grief
A demonstration of a persistent pattern of intense grief that does not result in reconciliation of feelings. Does not progress through the stages of grief.
Dysfunctional Grief
Grief is not openly acknowledged, socially sanctioned, or publicly shared.
Disenfranchise grief
What are the different stages of dying and death by kubler-ross
Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance
