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NCM 213 A > UNIT 6: Normal Growth and Development > Flashcards

UNIT 6: Normal Growth and Development Flashcards

1
Q

Are major markers of normal development

A

Developmental Milestones

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2
Q

What are the three stages of childhood

A

Early, middle and late

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3
Q

It refers to the quantitative changes in the physical size of body (measurable)

A

Growth

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4
Q

Height, weight, bone density, and dental structure are considered what?
A. Growth
B. Development

A

A. Growth

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5
Q

It refers to the qualitative changes such as increased skill or ability to function.

A

Development

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6
Q

This type of development is responsible for how well the child picks up small objects

A

Fine motor development

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7
Q

True or False. The development of human beings is a continuous process from conception until death.

A

True

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8
Q

It is a process of becoming fully grown and developed and involves both the physiological and behavioral aspects.

A

Maturation

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9
Q

Which is limited to a specific age, particularly adolescence?
A. Growth
B. Development

A

A. Growth

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10
Q

Which is a life-long process?
A. Growth
B. Development

A

B. Development

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11
Q

Development and growth are often used interchangeably. Growth refers to the quantitative aspect while development refers to the qualitative aspect of development. Age is an aspect of which of the two?
A. Growth
B. Development

A

A. Growth

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12
Q

Development is _________
A. stagnant
B. intermittent
C. continuous

A

C. continuous

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13
Q

Infant _____ birth weight and increases height by _____.
a. doubles; 25%
b. triples; 50%
c. quadruples; 75%

A

B. triples; 50%

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14
Q

Development is ______.

A

Gradual and sequential

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15
Q

The rate of development varies from person to person. True or False

A

True

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16
Q

The rate should be considered as a range and not a fixed point of accomplishment.

A

True

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17
Q

Development proceeds from a specific to a more general aspect of a human being. True or False

A

False

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18
Q

Most traits are correlated in development

A

True

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19
Q

Growth and development is not a product of heredity and environment

A

False

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20
Q

Growth and development is a product of what factors?

A

Heredity and Environment

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21
Q

Development is unpredictable. True or False

A

False

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22
Q

The development brings about both structural and functional changes.

A

True

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23
Q

There is a constant interaction between all factors of development. True or False

A

True

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24
Q

What are the Major factors influencing growth and development?

A

Heredity, Environment, sex/gender, hormones, exercise and health, nutrition, familial influence. geographical influences, socioeconomic status, learning and reinforcement

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25
Q

What do you call a person who is about 0-2 years old

A

Baby

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26
Q

What do you call a person who is about 20-39 years old

A

Young adults

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27
Q

What do you call a person who is about 40-59 years old

A

Middle-Ages Adults

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28
Q

What do you call a person who is about 60-99 years old

A

Old Adults

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29
Q

This type of study involves looking at data from a population of different age groups at one point in time and making comparisons.

A

Cross-sectional

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30
Q

It is an observational study which involves researchers observing and collecting data on a number variables without influencing them.

A

Longitudinal

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31
Q

What are the patterns of growth and development?

A

Directional trend, Sequential trend, developmental pace, sensitive period

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32
Q

This type of directional trend proceeds from top to bottom

A

Cephalocaudal

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33
Q

This type of directional trend proceeds from the center of the body outward

A

Proximodistal

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34
Q

This type of directional trend proceeds from the simple to complex

A

Orthogenetic

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35
Q

This pattern refers to a definite predictable sequences/stages

A

Sequential trend

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36
Q

This pattern refers to the fact that development does not progress at the same rate or pace and each child grows at his or her own pace.

A

Developmental Pace

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37
Q

This pattern refers to the critical, sensitive, vulnerable period when a person is susceptible to positive or negative influences.

A

Sensitive period

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38
Q

It refers to a set of emotions, beliefs and behaviors toward a particular object, person, thing or event.

A

Attitude

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39
Q

It refers to the individual beliefs that motivate people to act one way or another which serve as a guide for human behavior.

A

Values

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40
Q

It is the level of friendliness, kindliness, cooperativeness, and politeness a person reliably displays

A

Degree of Agreeableness

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41
Q

Confidence in one’s own worth or abilities

A

Self-esteem

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42
Q

What are the traits that make up the big 5 theory of personality?

A

Agreeableness, extraversion, conscientiousness, neuroticism and openness

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43
Q

It is associated with progressive development. It also refers to an organism’s growth throughout its life, or ends when species fully mature.

A

Biological Growth

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44
Q

It is an objective classification system by James Tanner that provides use to document and track the development and sequence of secondary sex characteristics of children during puberty.

A

Sexual Maturity Rating (SMR)

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45
Q

This type of development includes abilities such as attending, perceiving, observing, remembering, imagining, thinking, solving problems, and growth of intelligence as well as language.

A

Mental Development

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46
Q

This type of development is formed from the organized pattern of attitudes and behaviors which makes an individual active.

A

Personality Development

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47
Q

He developed the Psychosexual Theory of Development

A

Freud

48
Q

He developed the Psychosocial Theory of Development

A

Erikson

49
Q

He developed the Cognitive Theory of Development

A

Piaget

50
Q

He developed the Moral Theory of Development

A

Kohlberg

51
Q

Developed the Relational/ Attachment Theory of Development

A

Mahler

52
Q

Developed the Behaviorism Theory of Development

A

Skinner Watson

53
Q

Developed the Spiritual Theory of Development

A

Fowler

54
Q

What are the Freudian stages of psychosexual development?

A

Oral stage (birth to 1 1/2 years)
Anal Stage (1 1/2 to 3 years)
Phallic Stage (3-6 years)
Latency Stage (6 to puberty)
Genital Stage (puberty onwards)

55
Q

Infant’s pleasure centers on mouth’s erogenous zone: mouth

A

Oral Stage

56
Q

During this stage of psychosexual development sense of security and trust begins. It is where the infant begins to see self separate from the mother.

A

Oral stage

57
Q

Child’s pleasure focuses on anus’ erogenous zone: bowel and bladder control

A

Anal Stage

58
Q

This type of parenting during the anal stage will make the child stubborn and antisocial. Child wins

A

Holding on

59
Q

If the parent is ____, an anal-expulsive personality may develop: messy, wasteful, or destructive

A

lenient

60
Q

If the parent is ____, an anal-retentive personality may develop: stringent, orderly and obsessive

A

Strict

61
Q

This type of parenting during the anal stage will make the child kind. Mother wins

A

Letting go

62
Q

Child’s pleasure focuses on genital’s erogenous zone: genitals

A

Phallic Stage

63
Q

During the phallic stage, fondling of the genital is considered normal. True or False

A

true

64
Q

Male child attraction to mother

A

Oedipus Complex

65
Q

Female child to father

A

Electra Complex

66
Q

During this stage, the child represses sexual interest and develops sexual and intellectual skills. Libido is inactive

A

Latency Stage

67
Q

It is the time of sexual reawakening: the source of sexual pleasure becomes someone outside of the family.

A

Genital Stage

68
Q

What is the stage 1 of Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development (birth to 18 months)

A

Trust vs. Mistrust

69
Q

What is the 2nd stage of Psychosocial Development? (18 months - 3 years)

A

Autonomy vs. shame and doubt

70
Q

Stage 3 of Psychosocial Development (3-5 years)

A

Initiative vs. Guilt

71
Q

Stage 4 of Psychosocial Development (6-12)

A

Industry vs. Inferiority

72
Q

Stage 5 of Psychosocial Development (12 - 20 years old)

A

Identity vs Role Confusion

73
Q

Stage 6 of Psychosocial Development (20 - 40 years old)

A

Intimacy vs Isolation

74
Q

Stage 7 of Psychosocial Development (40 - 65)

A

Generativity vs Stagnation

75
Q

Stage 8 of Psychosocial Development (65 years old to death)

A

Integrity vs Despair

76
Q

What are the four stages of cognitive development according to Piaget?

A

Sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years of age)
Preoperational stage (2 to 7 years old)
Concrete operational stage (7 to 11 years old)
Formal operational stage ( 11 to adulthood)

77
Q

During this phase of the sensorimotor stage, movements are reflexive

A

Stage 1: Use of Reflexes (Birth to 1 month)

78
Q

This stage involve rattle or tape voice of parents and thumb sucking also starts

A

Stage 2: Primary Circular Reaction (1-4 months)

79
Q

This stage recommends mirror as a good toy and peek a boo as a good game

A

Stage 3: Secondary Circular Reaction (4-8 months)

80
Q

During this stage of sensorimotor stage, the infant is able to recognize size and shape

A

Stage 4: Coordination of secondary schemata (8-12 months)

81
Q

During this stage the toddler is able to crawl and pick up objects

A

Stage 5: Tertiary Circular Reaction (12-18 months)

82
Q

During this stage, the child begins to represent the world using words and images.

A

Preoperational stage

83
Q

During this stage, the child can now reason logically

A

Concrete Operational Stage

84
Q

During this stage, adolescents reason in more abstract, idealistic, and logical ways.

A

Formal Operational Stage

85
Q

During this stage of moral development, the person obeys rules to avoid punishment and conforms to get rewards and have favors returned. (younger than 6)

A

Preconventional

86
Q

During this stage of moral development, a person conforms to avoid disapproval or dislike by others. (7-11 years)

A

Conventional

87
Q

During this stage of moral development, a person conforms to maintain communities with an emphasis on individual rights. ( 11 years onward)

A

Postconventional

88
Q

During this stage of spiritual development faith is undifferentiated. It typically ranges from birth to 2 years.

A

Pre-stage / Stage 0

89
Q
  • A stage of spiritual development
  • 3-7 years of age
  • imitates parental behaviors and attitudes about religion and spirituality.
  • has no real understanding of spiritual concepts.
  • imagination allows for religious or spiritual symbols.
A

Stage 1: Intuitive-projective Faith

90
Q
  • A stage of spiritual development
  • 8 years old to adolescent
  • accepts the existence of a deity. Religious and moral beliefs are symbolized by stories.
  • Elements of good vs bad - God rewards/punishes
  • decline of egocentrism and increase in reciprocity
A

Stage 2: Mythical Literal Faith

91
Q
  • A stage of spiritual development
  • adolescent to adulthood
  • questions values and religious beliefs in an attempt to form own identity; conformity and authority resting in external sources.
  • accept and value the evaluation of others
  • challenges to demythologize beliefs are seen as a threat.
  • Hunger for a close, personal relationship with a higher power
A

Stage 3: Synthetic Conventional Faith

92
Q
  • A stage of spiritual development
  • 17 years old, usually 30s or 40s late adolescent and young adult
  • Begins to develop own spiritual beliefs (no longer relies on others) assumes responsibility for own attitudes and beliefs; working out one’s path.
  • Capacity for reflection and rational analysis
A

Stage 4: Individuate Reflective Faith

93
Q
  • A stage of spiritual development
  • Adult
  • integrates other perspectives about faith into own definition of truth. Frequently able to engage in dialogue with persons of divergent faith that results in deeper knowing in their spiritual journey.
A

Stage 5: Conjunctive Faith

94
Q
  • A stage of spiritual development
  • Adult
  • Often described as enlightened and subversive (their views are very different from those typically found in society).
  • deeply principled, experience deep participation in a power that transforms the world. It is not only among a few but around the world.
A

Stage 6: Universalizing Faith

95
Q

It refers to the phase when the child understands that the mother has a separate identity and is truly a separate individual

A

Object Constancy - happens in 3 years

96
Q
  • A stage of relations theory of development
  • Infant senses no difference between self and the external world.
  • Sight is not developed
  • infant exist within their own world
  • birth to 1 month
A

Stage 1: Autism

97
Q
  • A stage of relations theory of development
  • infant sense other who exists to meet their needs
  • Parent begins to respond to or mirror the infant’s characteristics.
  • Sensations a child experiences from the mother form the core sense of self.
  • smiling occurs
  • 2 - 5 months of age
A

Stage 2: Symbiosis

98
Q

What are the 4 sub-stages of the separation-individuation phase?

A
  1. Differentiation AKA hatching (5-10 months)
  2. Practicing (10-18 months)
  3. Rapprochement (18-24 months)
  4. Object Constancy (2y - 5y)
99
Q

During this substage of the separation-individuation phase, the infant is aware of being different from the other and can function apart from that person

A

Differentiation or Hatching (5-10 months)

100
Q

During this substage of the separation-individuation phase, the infant begins to intentionally separate from others. Crawling Away

A

Practicing (10-18 months)

100
Q

During this substage of the separation-individuation phase, the child learns she can be apart from other however she can call for help.

A

Rapprochement (18 - 24 months)

101
Q

During this substage of the separation-individuation phase, the toddler has an internalized image of the other and can send longer time alone without feeling abandoned.

A

Object Constancy (2y - 5y)

101
Q

What age is separation individuation?

A

After about age six months

102
Q
  • According to this theory, learning begins with a stimulus-response connection. A certain stimulus leads to a particular response.
  • It is based on the involuntary reflexive behavior
A

Pavlov’s classical conditioning (Ivan P. Pavlov)

103
Q

This theory posits that behavior is controlled by consequences that involve reinforcement and punishment.

A

Skinner’s operant conditioning

104
Q

This theory focused not on the internal emotional and psychological conditions of people, but rather on their external and outward behaviors. This theory also holds that behaviors are learned from the environment and says that innate or inherited factors have very little influence on behavior.

A

Watson’s Behaviorism Theory

105
Q
  • An individual’s perception of self is what helps make each unique
  • affects the ability to function and greatly influences health status
A

Self-concept

106
Q

View or concept that one has about oneself

A

Self-image

107
Q

Overall sense of personal value and self worth

A

Self-esteem

108
Q

The way in which a person would like to see himself

A

Ideal Self

109
Q

What are the 4 main areas in which adolescents must make gains to achieve a sense of identity?

A
  1. Accepting their change in body image.
  2. Establishing a value system of what kind of person they want to be.
  3. Making a career decision.
  4. Becoming emancipated from their parents.
110
Q

When does sexuality starts to develop?

A

Starts as early as intrauterine life following conception and continues through infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood till death.

111
Q

When do people become self aware of their sexuality?

A

3 years of age

112
Q

This gender feels less pressured as they become adults because they learn more easily to be competitive, independent, and separated from feelings

A

Boys

113
Q

This gender feels that they are encouraged to maintain their concern for people throughout their lives, are caught in conflict between that of being independent and competitive.

A

Girl

114
Q

It is the time where individual first becomes capable of sexual reproduction.

A

Puberty

NCM 213 A (4 decks)

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