UNIT 6: Normal Growth and Development Flashcards
Are major markers of normal development
Developmental Milestones
What are the three stages of childhood
Early, middle and late
It refers to the quantitative changes in the physical size of body (measurable)
Growth
Height, weight, bone density, and dental structure are considered what?
A. Growth
B. Development
A. Growth
It refers to the qualitative changes such as increased skill or ability to function.
Development
This type of development is responsible for how well the child picks up small objects
Fine motor development
True or False. The development of human beings is a continuous process from conception until death.
True
It is a process of becoming fully grown and developed and involves both the physiological and behavioral aspects.
Maturation
Which is limited to a specific age, particularly adolescence?
A. Growth
B. Development
A. Growth
Which is a life-long process?
A. Growth
B. Development
B. Development
Development and growth are often used interchangeably. Growth refers to the quantitative aspect while development refers to the qualitative aspect of development. Age is an aspect of which of the two?
A. Growth
B. Development
A. Growth
Development is _________
A. stagnant
B. intermittent
C. continuous
C. continuous
Infant _____ birth weight and increases height by _____.
a. doubles; 25%
b. triples; 50%
c. quadruples; 75%
B. triples; 50%
Development is ______.
Gradual and sequential
The rate of development varies from person to person. True or False
True
The rate should be considered as a range and not a fixed point of accomplishment.
True
Development proceeds from a specific to a more general aspect of a human being. True or False
False
Most traits are correlated in development
True
Growth and development is not a product of heredity and environment
False
Growth and development is a product of what factors?
Heredity and Environment
Development is unpredictable. True or False
False
The development brings about both structural and functional changes.
True
There is a constant interaction between all factors of development. True or False
True
What are the Major factors influencing growth and development?
Heredity, Environment, sex/gender, hormones, exercise and health, nutrition, familial influence. geographical influences, socioeconomic status, learning and reinforcement
What do you call a person who is about 0-2 years old
Baby
What do you call a person who is about 20-39 years old
Young adults
What do you call a person who is about 40-59 years old
Middle-Ages Adults
What do you call a person who is about 60-99 years old
Old Adults
This type of study involves looking at data from a population of different age groups at one point in time and making comparisons.
Cross-sectional
It is an observational study which involves researchers observing and collecting data on a number variables without influencing them.
Longitudinal
What are the patterns of growth and development?
Directional trend, Sequential trend, developmental pace, sensitive period
This type of directional trend proceeds from top to bottom
Cephalocaudal
This type of directional trend proceeds from the center of the body outward
Proximodistal
This type of directional trend proceeds from the simple to complex
Orthogenetic
This pattern refers to a definite predictable sequences/stages
Sequential trend
This pattern refers to the fact that development does not progress at the same rate or pace and each child grows at his or her own pace.
Developmental Pace
This pattern refers to the critical, sensitive, vulnerable period when a person is susceptible to positive or negative influences.
Sensitive period
It refers to a set of emotions, beliefs and behaviors toward a particular object, person, thing or event.
Attitude
It refers to the individual beliefs that motivate people to act one way or another which serve as a guide for human behavior.
Values
It is the level of friendliness, kindliness, cooperativeness, and politeness a person reliably displays
Degree of Agreeableness
Confidence in one’s own worth or abilities
Self-esteem
What are the traits that make up the big 5 theory of personality?
Agreeableness, extraversion, conscientiousness, neuroticism and openness
It is associated with progressive development. It also refers to an organism’s growth throughout its life, or ends when species fully mature.
Biological Growth
It is an objective classification system by James Tanner that provides use to document and track the development and sequence of secondary sex characteristics of children during puberty.
Sexual Maturity Rating (SMR)
This type of development includes abilities such as attending, perceiving, observing, remembering, imagining, thinking, solving problems, and growth of intelligence as well as language.
Mental Development
This type of development is formed from the organized pattern of attitudes and behaviors which makes an individual active.
Personality Development
He developed the Psychosexual Theory of Development
Freud
He developed the Psychosocial Theory of Development
Erikson
He developed the Cognitive Theory of Development
Piaget
He developed the Moral Theory of Development
Kohlberg
Developed the Relational/ Attachment Theory of Development
Mahler
Developed the Behaviorism Theory of Development
Skinner Watson
Developed the Spiritual Theory of Development
Fowler
What are the Freudian stages of psychosexual development?
Oral stage (birth to 1 1/2 years)
Anal Stage (1 1/2 to 3 years)
Phallic Stage (3-6 years)
Latency Stage (6 to puberty)
Genital Stage (puberty onwards)
Infant’s pleasure centers on mouth’s erogenous zone: mouth
Oral Stage
During this stage of psychosexual development sense of security and trust begins. It is where the infant begins to see self separate from the mother.
Oral stage
Child’s pleasure focuses on anus’ erogenous zone: bowel and bladder control
Anal Stage
This type of parenting during the anal stage will make the child stubborn and antisocial. Child wins
Holding on
If the parent is ____, an anal-expulsive personality may develop: messy, wasteful, or destructive
lenient
If the parent is ____, an anal-retentive personality may develop: stringent, orderly and obsessive
Strict
This type of parenting during the anal stage will make the child kind. Mother wins
Letting go
Child’s pleasure focuses on genital’s erogenous zone: genitals
Phallic Stage
During the phallic stage, fondling of the genital is considered normal. True or False
true
Male child attraction to mother
Oedipus Complex
Female child to father
Electra Complex
During this stage, the child represses sexual interest and develops sexual and intellectual skills. Libido is inactive
Latency Stage
It is the time of sexual reawakening: the source of sexual pleasure becomes someone outside of the family.
Genital Stage
What is the stage 1 of Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development (birth to 18 months)
Trust vs. Mistrust
What is the 2nd stage of Psychosocial Development? (18 months - 3 years)
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
Stage 3 of Psychosocial Development (3-5 years)
Initiative vs. Guilt
Stage 4 of Psychosocial Development (6-12)
Industry vs. Inferiority
Stage 5 of Psychosocial Development (12 - 20 years old)
Identity vs Role Confusion
Stage 6 of Psychosocial Development (20 - 40 years old)
Intimacy vs Isolation
Stage 7 of Psychosocial Development (40 - 65)
Generativity vs Stagnation
Stage 8 of Psychosocial Development (65 years old to death)
Integrity vs Despair
What are the four stages of cognitive development according to Piaget?
Sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years of age)
Preoperational stage (2 to 7 years old)
Concrete operational stage (7 to 11 years old)
Formal operational stage ( 11 to adulthood)
During this phase of the sensorimotor stage, movements are reflexive
Stage 1: Use of Reflexes (Birth to 1 month)
This stage involve rattle or tape voice of parents and thumb sucking also starts
Stage 2: Primary Circular Reaction (1-4 months)
This stage recommends mirror as a good toy and peek a boo as a good game
Stage 3: Secondary Circular Reaction (4-8 months)
During this stage of sensorimotor stage, the infant is able to recognize size and shape
Stage 4: Coordination of secondary schemata (8-12 months)
During this stage the toddler is able to crawl and pick up objects
Stage 5: Tertiary Circular Reaction (12-18 months)
During this stage, the child begins to represent the world using words and images.
Preoperational stage
During this stage, the child can now reason logically
Concrete Operational Stage
During this stage, adolescents reason in more abstract, idealistic, and logical ways.
Formal Operational Stage
During this stage of moral development, the person obeys rules to avoid punishment and conforms to get rewards and have favors returned. (younger than 6)
Preconventional
During this stage of moral development, a person conforms to avoid disapproval or dislike by others. (7-11 years)
Conventional
During this stage of moral development, a person conforms to maintain communities with an emphasis on individual rights. ( 11 years onward)
Postconventional
During this stage of spiritual development faith is undifferentiated. It typically ranges from birth to 2 years.
Pre-stage / Stage 0
- A stage of spiritual development
- 3-7 years of age
- imitates parental behaviors and attitudes about religion and spirituality.
- has no real understanding of spiritual concepts.
- imagination allows for religious or spiritual symbols.
Stage 1: Intuitive-projective Faith
- A stage of spiritual development
- 8 years old to adolescent
- accepts the existence of a deity. Religious and moral beliefs are symbolized by stories.
- Elements of good vs bad - God rewards/punishes
- decline of egocentrism and increase in reciprocity
Stage 2: Mythical Literal Faith
- A stage of spiritual development
- adolescent to adulthood
- questions values and religious beliefs in an attempt to form own identity; conformity and authority resting in external sources.
- accept and value the evaluation of others
- challenges to demythologize beliefs are seen as a threat.
- Hunger for a close, personal relationship with a higher power
Stage 3: Synthetic Conventional Faith
- A stage of spiritual development
- 17 years old, usually 30s or 40s late adolescent and young adult
- Begins to develop own spiritual beliefs (no longer relies on others) assumes responsibility for own attitudes and beliefs; working out one’s path.
- Capacity for reflection and rational analysis
Stage 4: Individuate Reflective Faith
- A stage of spiritual development
- Adult
- integrates other perspectives about faith into own definition of truth. Frequently able to engage in dialogue with persons of divergent faith that results in deeper knowing in their spiritual journey.
Stage 5: Conjunctive Faith
- A stage of spiritual development
- Adult
- Often described as enlightened and subversive (their views are very different from those typically found in society).
- deeply principled, experience deep participation in a power that transforms the world. It is not only among a few but around the world.
Stage 6: Universalizing Faith
It refers to the phase when the child understands that the mother has a separate identity and is truly a separate individual
Object Constancy - happens in 3 years
- A stage of relations theory of development
- Infant senses no difference between self and the external world.
- Sight is not developed
- infant exist within their own world
- birth to 1 month
Stage 1: Autism
- A stage of relations theory of development
- infant sense other who exists to meet their needs
- Parent begins to respond to or mirror the infant’s characteristics.
- Sensations a child experiences from the mother form the core sense of self.
- smiling occurs
- 2 - 5 months of age
Stage 2: Symbiosis
What are the 4 sub-stages of the separation-individuation phase?
- Differentiation AKA hatching (5-10 months)
- Practicing (10-18 months)
- Rapprochement (18-24 months)
- Object Constancy (2y - 5y)
During this substage of the separation-individuation phase, the infant is aware of being different from the other and can function apart from that person
Differentiation or Hatching (5-10 months)
During this substage of the separation-individuation phase, the infant begins to intentionally separate from others. Crawling Away
Practicing (10-18 months)
During this substage of the separation-individuation phase, the child learns she can be apart from other however she can call for help.
Rapprochement (18 - 24 months)
During this substage of the separation-individuation phase, the toddler has an internalized image of the other and can send longer time alone without feeling abandoned.
Object Constancy (2y - 5y)
What age is separation individuation?
After about age six months
- According to this theory, learning begins with a stimulus-response connection. A certain stimulus leads to a particular response.
- It is based on the involuntary reflexive behavior
Pavlov’s classical conditioning (Ivan P. Pavlov)
This theory posits that behavior is controlled by consequences that involve reinforcement and punishment.
Skinner’s operant conditioning
This theory focused not on the internal emotional and psychological conditions of people, but rather on their external and outward behaviors. This theory also holds that behaviors are learned from the environment and says that innate or inherited factors have very little influence on behavior.
Watson’s Behaviorism Theory
- An individual’s perception of self is what helps make each unique
- affects the ability to function and greatly influences health status
Self-concept
View or concept that one has about oneself
Self-image
Overall sense of personal value and self worth
Self-esteem
The way in which a person would like to see himself
Ideal Self
What are the 4 main areas in which adolescents must make gains to achieve a sense of identity?
- Accepting their change in body image.
- Establishing a value system of what kind of person they want to be.
- Making a career decision.
- Becoming emancipated from their parents.
When does sexuality starts to develop?
Starts as early as intrauterine life following conception and continues through infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood till death.
When do people become self aware of their sexuality?
3 years of age
This gender feels less pressured as they become adults because they learn more easily to be competitive, independent, and separated from feelings
Boys
This gender feels that they are encouraged to maintain their concern for people throughout their lives, are caught in conflict between that of being independent and competitive.
Girl
It is the time where individual first becomes capable of sexual reproduction.
Puberty
