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Biology Honors > Unit 8: Molecular Genetics > Flashcards

Unit 8: Molecular Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

genes

A
  • section of DNA that codes for what type of proetins the organism will make
  • made up of DNA
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2
Q

Hershey-Chase Experiement

A

-showed that DNA carried info for reproduction and that DNA made up the genetic material

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3
Q

DNA

A

-deoxyribonucleic acid
-genetic material
-double stranded
“blue print” (code for making an organism)
-found in the nucleus of the cell
-makes a copy of itself to pass on gentic info to another cell (during S phase of interphase)
-function= to make proteins
-it carried the instructions for making proteins which are made of amino acids
-amino acids bond together to make polypeptides (proteins)

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4
Q

nucleotide

A
  • monomer/building blocks of DNA
  • they link together to form long chains of DNA
  • 3 parts…..
    1. sugar (deoxyribose)
    2. phosphate group
    3. nitrogenous base
  • 4 nitrogen bases…..
    1. Adenine (A)
    2. Guanine (G)
    3. Thymine (T)
    4. Cytosine (C)
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5
Q

purine

A
  • nitrogen base with 2 rings

- adenine and guanine

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6
Q

pyrimidines

A
  • nitrogen base with 1 ring

- thymine and cytosine

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7
Q

Erwin Chrgaff’s Experiement

A

-showed that there are always equal amounts of DNA of A and T (2 hydrogen bonds in between) and there are always equal amounts of C and G (3 hydrogen bonds in between)

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8
Q

James Watson and Francis Crick

A
  • gathered info about DNA and also discovered th structure of DNA (made the current model)
  • discovered……..
    1. DNA is shaped like a double helix (spiral/twisted ladder)
    2. backbone is made up of alternating sugar and phosphate
    3. nitrogen bases are held together by hydrogen bonds
  • one DNA molecule has many genes
  • one human cell contains 6.6 billion nitrogen base pairs
  • the order base pairs is differnet for every one (except identical twins)
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9
Q

how are organisms so different of thier DNA is made up of the same 4 nucleotides?

A

the order and lenghth of the nucleotides that make up DNA is different for every organism

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10
Q

DNA replication

A
  • During S-phase of Interphase
  • steps…..
    1. double helix untwist
    2. enzyme (helicase) breaks the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogen bases
    3. enzyme unzips the double helix, making 2 sepatrate strands of DNA
    4. enzyme (DNA polymerase) bonds break free mucleotides (A,C,G,T) to the separated parent DNA strands (each strand is a compliement (match) to the original)
    5. bonds form between the phosphates and sugars
    6. 2 exact copies of DNA are made
    7. DNA is retwisted
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11
Q

what happens if the parent strand if copied wrong?

A
  • mistakes are usually corrected by special proofreading enzymes
  • if not, there are mutations
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12
Q

why does DNA need to replicate so exactly?

A

so all the proteins in your body “match”

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13
Q

Wht does DNA need to be transcribed (rewritten) into RNA?

A
  • b/c DNA has to stay in the nucleus (if it leaves, it wouldn’t be protected and will be broken down)
  • RNA has a protective covering
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14
Q

RNA

A
  • ribonucleic acid
  • single stranded (DNA is double standed)
  • nitrogen bases= A, C, G, U (U (uracil) replaced T in RNA)
  • moves out of the nucleus
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15
Q

mRNA

A
  • messenger RNA
  • takes DNA out of the nucleus and to the ribosome (find ribosomes)
  • carries message (RNA) from nucleus to cytoplasm
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16
Q

rRNA

A
  • ribosomal RNA
  • goes out of the nucleus to make up ribosomes
  • joins with the proteins to make ribosomes
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17
Q

tRNA

A
  • transfer RNA
  • brings actual amino acids to the ribosome
  • goes out of the nucleus to find amino acids
  • has anticodon to match mRNA codon and brings in amino acid to form protein chain
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18
Q

transcription

A
  • the transfer of genetic info from DNA into an RNA molecule (insode the nucleus)
  • it had to take the DNA code out of the nucleus into the ribosomes where proteins are made
  • what is needed= DNA, RNA, nucleotides, enzymes
  • steps……
    1. a special protein recognized where to begin transcription on DNA (a specific DNA code that means START)
    2. an enzyme (helicase) unzips the DNA molecule (hydrogen bonds break)
    3. one side of DNA serves as the blueprint for making RNA
    4. DNA nucleutides match up with the DNA molecule (Uracil replaces Thymine)—> RNA POLYMERASE
    5. once the gene has been copied into RNA form, the RNA molecule is released from the DNA
    6. the DNA strands zip back together
    7. travels out of the nucleus, carrying the code for making protein
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19
Q

molecular biology

A

-the study of DNA and how it serves as a chemical basis of heredity

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20
Q

bacteriophages

A
  • “bacteria eaters”
  • phages for short
  • made of DNA and a protein coat
  • viruses that infect bacteria
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21
Q

translation

A
  • the transfer of the info in the RNA molecule into a protein
  • WHERE= in the ribosomes in the cytoplasm or are attached to the ER
  • WHY= to make proteins (protein synthesis) from RNA
  • WHAT IS NEEDED= rRNA (forms the ribisome), ribosome (made of mRNA), tRNA (brings amino acid that forms the protein chain) with amino acids, energy (ATP), and mRNA (contains the message that is read)
  • STEPS……..
    1. a strand of mRNA attaches to a ribosome
    2. when the ribosome reads “AUG” on mRNA, it starts translation. AUG is the start codon
    3. the tRNA molecule carrying amino acids (AA) that matches AUG drives up to the mRNA/ribosome unit
    4. the ribosome reads the next codon, and the tRNA with the appropriate antisodon “drives” up
    5. this 2nd AA is connected to the 1st with a peptide bond
    6. this process continues until the ribosome reads a stop codon on the mRNA.
    7. the ribosome releases the mRNA and the new protein (polypeptide) that was just made
    8. TRANSLATION COMPLETE
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22
Q

codon

A

-triplet of nucleutides on mRNA that are read together

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23
Q

anticodon

A

-triplet of nucleotides (base triplet of tRNA ) that match up with the complimentary mRNA codon

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24
Q

stop codons

A
  • UAG
  • UAA
  • UGA
  • starts and stops translation
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25
Q

transcription vs translation

A 
TRANSCRIPTION
-starts with DNA (gene)
-makes RNA
-occurs in the nucleus
TRANSLATION
-starts with RNA
-makes proteins (polypeptides)
-occurs on a ribosome
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26
Q

semi-conservative

A

-half of the original DNA strand is in both of the 2 new DNA strands

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27
Q

helicase

A

-breaks hydrogen bonds in between the nitrogen bases

28
Q

DNA polymerase

A
  • connects free nucleotides to the DNA strand (DNA template)

- it proofreads them

29
Q

mutations

A
  • any changes in DNA sequence
  • changes in genetic material
  • not all mutations are bad
  • they are the main source of life’s diversity
  • leads to evolution
30
Q

gene mutation

A

-mutations that produce in a single gene

-

31
Q

chromosomal mutation

A
  • mutations that produce changes in whole chromosomes
  • involve changes in the number and structure of chromosomes
  • ex: deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation
32
Q

point mutation

A
  • type of gene mutation
  • involve a change in one or few nucleotides
  • occur in a single point in DNA sequence
  • EX: substitution, insertion, deletion
  • effects of insertion and deletion are more dramatic
33
Q

substitution

A
  • usually affect no more than a single amino acid
  • changes one base/nucleotide
  • MISSENSE mutation: when substitution changes the amino acid
  • SILENT mutation: when substitution doesn’t change the amino acid
  • NONSENSE mutation: when substitution changes the amino acid to a “stop” codon
34
Q

deletion (genes)

A
  • one nucleotide base is deleted

- causes a shift in grouping of codons (frameshift mutation)

35
Q

frameshift mutation

A
  • that shift in groupings of codons (caused by addition or deletion)
  • changes the reading frame fo it is shifted and misread (mutations at the beginning change more of the code)
36
Q

insertion

A
  • extra base is inserted into a base sequence

- changes amino acid sequence

37
Q

deletion (chromosomes)

A
38
Q

chromosomal duplication

A
  • result in a complete extra copy of a chromosome
  • ABC:DEF —> ABBC:DEF
  • result in a condition called trisomy
39
Q

inversion

A

-chromosome is rearranged in which a segment of a chromosome is reversed from end to end

40
Q

translocation

A

-when a fragment of a chromosome attaches a nonhomologous chromosome

41
Q

whole chromosome deletion

A

-results in a condition called monosomy

42
Q

monosomy

A
  • only having one X chromosome in a chromosome

- ex: Turners syndrome (one X chromosome instead of XX, or XY)

43
Q

trisomy

A
  • extra copy of a chromosome
  • ex: down syndrome (extra X chromosome in chromosome 21)
  • development abnormalities
44
Q

transformation

A

-a change in a bacteria caused by recieving DNA from another bacteria

45
Q

amino acid

A
  • building blocks of proteins

- an organic molecule containing a carboxyl group and an animo group

46
Q

Chargaff’s rule

A
  • A+T

- C+G

47
Q

histone

A

-proteins DNA wraps around to make a nucleosome

48
Q

nucleosome

A

-beadlike structure formed when DNA wraos around histones

49
Q

How does DNA fold into a chromosome?

A

-DNA wraps around a histone to form a nucleosome

50
Q

Differnece Between Chromosomes and Chromatin

A 
CHROMOSOMES= scrunched up
CHROMATIN= spread out
51
Q

when do cells use the differnce forms of chromosomes and chromatin?

A
  • Chromatin is used in non-dividing cells

- Chromosomes are used in diving cells

52
Q

what is the central dogma of biology that shows how information is passed in cells?

A

DNA–>RNA–>PROTEINS

53
Q

polyploidy

A
  • a cell with 3 or more sets of chromosomes (3N, 4N, etc)
  • seen in plants (makes them bigger and stronger)
  • rare in animals
  • lethal in humans
54
Q

What experiments lead to our understanding of DNA?

A
  • Frederick Griffith’s experiment
  • Oswald Avery’s experiment
  • Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase’s experiment
55
Q

What happened in Frederick Griffith’s experiment with pneumonia and mice?

A
  • smooth coated pneumonia bacteria kill mice
  • rough coated pneumonia bacteria—> mice live
  • heat-killed smooth pneumonia bacteria—–> mice live
  • heat-killed smooth+safe rough bacteria together—-> mice die
56
Q

What did Griffith’s experiment show?

A

-that genetic material can be transferred from one bacteria to another (transformation)

57
Q

What happened in Oswald Avery’s experiment?

A
  • same as Griffith’s experiment
  • if RNA, PROTEINS, CARBS, LIPIDS, are destroyed, transformation still happens
  • If DNA is destroyed, no transformation
  • shows that DNA is the generic material
58
Q

What happened in Hershey and and Martha Chase’s experiment?

A
  • Radioactively labeled proteins and DNA in bacteriophages
  • looked to see what passed into the cell
  • showed that DNA is the genetic material
59
Q

What role did Rosalind Franklin and James Watson & Francis Crick play in our understanding of DNA’s structure?

A

-her X-ray images were used by Watson and Crick to figure out the double helix structure

60
Q

What molecule is involved in transformation?

A

DNA

61
Q

Transformation

A

-a change in a bacteria caused by receiving DNA from another bacteriophage

62
Q

How is DNA copied?

A
  • DNA strand separates and used old strand as template to make new strand
  • DNA polymerase= adds nucleotides and spell checks as it goes
63
Q

What determines an individual’s unique traits?

A

-the proteins that are formed

64
Q

Extron

A

Coding proportion of a gene

65
Q

Intron

A

Nonexpressed (non coding) proportion if a gene that is excised from the RNA transcript

Biology Honors (9 decks)

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