Unit 3: Biochemistry Flashcards
1
Q
atoms
molecule
A
- smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element
- named from a Greek word meaning “indivisible”
- contain 3 subatomic particles : protons, electons, neutrons
-a molecule is 2 or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
2
Q
protons
A
- a subatomic particle with positive charge
- located in nucleus
3
Q
neutrons
A
- a subatomic particle with no charge
- located in nucleus
4
Q
electrons
A
- a subatomic particle with negative chrage
- surrounds the nucleus in orbitals
5
Q
element
A
- a pure substance made up of one type of atom
- organized in the periodic table
- each element has a unique number of protons (atomic number)
6
Q
valence electrons
A
- electrons on the outer electron shell of an atom
- available to form bonds
7
Q
atomic number
A
-number of protons
8
Q
atomic mass
A
number of protons + number of neutrons
9
Q
How do you find the number of neutrons?
A
atomic mass – (minus) number of protons
10
Q
How do you find the number of electrons?
A
it is the same as the number of protons (atomic number)
11
Q
ion
A
- charged particles (usually)
- atoms that either gain or lose an electron
12
Q
cation
A
- an atom that loses an electron
- positive ion
13
Q
anion
A
- an atom that gains an electron
- negative ion
14
Q
compound
A
- made up of more that one type of substance (element)
- chemically combined
- always combined in the same ratio (CHEMICAL FORMULA)
15
Q
covalent bond
A
- forms when 2 or more atoms share electrons to form a molecule
- share valence electrons
- Ex : water (H2O)
16
Q
ionic bond
A
- forms when electrons are lost/gained by atoms and become charged (negative or positive)
- Ex : salt (NaCl )—>sodium chloride
17
Q
organic chemistry
A
- the study of all compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms
- the chemistry of carbon
18
Q
marcromolucules
A
macro = big
- formed by a process known as polymerization
- 2 forms : monomers (individual building blocks thaT make up polymers) ; polymers (long molecule consisting of similar or identical building blocks covalently linked together)
19
Q
What are the 4 groups of organic compounds found in living things?
A
- carbohydrates
- lipids
- nucleuc acids
- proteins
- all are organic macromolecules
20
Q
Carbohydrates
A
- sugars
- compunds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, usually in a ration of 1:2:1
- Ex : C6H12O6
- found in fruits, vegetablesn and grain
- provides immediate energy and short & long term energy source/storage for plants (starch)
- Ex of a carbohydrate : starches and sugars (both are used by living things as a source of energy); glycogen; glucose; cellulose; saturated fat; sex hormones
- function : primary source of energy ; provide structure (for cells, especially plant cells)
- sizes : monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide
- saccharide = sugar(s)
- Ex of monosaccharides : glucose (cells convert glucose to ATP)
- Ex of disacchardes : sacrose
- Ex of polysaccharides : celluslose (fiber, used in plant cell walls)
21
Q
Lipids
A
- technically not a polymer
- polar
- generally not soluble in water (hydrophobic)
- monomer = glycerol (fatty acids)
- provide long term energy storage
- Ex of lipids : fats, oils, waxes, steroids, unsaturated fatty acid, cholesterol, phospholipid, glycerol
- can be used to store energy
- some are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings (aloe..)—-> make up cell membranes, which are made up of phospholipids
- fat = used in long term energy storage
- non-polar lipids : oil, glucose
- many hormones = steroids
22
Q
What are the 2 kinds of fat?
A
-saturated fat : not good for you; solid at room temp; can clog your arteries (heart attack); found in animals only
Ex: cheese
-unsaturated fat : better for you; liquid at room temp; Ex: oil……
23
Q
Nucleic Acids
A
- they are polymers assembled from individual monomers called nucleotides
- monomer : nucleotides
- nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary (genetic) information (RNA and DNA)
- RNA : ribonucleic acid; uses Uracil (nitrgen base) instead of Thymine; used in the making of proteins
- DNA : Deoxyribonucleic acid; nitrogen bases (Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine); carries genetic info
- Ex: DNA, RNA; nucleotide
24
Q
nucleotides
A
- monomer of nucleic acids
- have 3 parts : 5 carbon sugar; phosphate group; nitrogenous group
- they create DNA and RNA (connected)
25
Proteins
- proteins are macromolecules that have both structural and functional characteristics
- contain carbon, hydrgen , oxygen, nitrogen, anjd sometimes sulfur
- make plant and animal structures
- found in plant and animals
- monomer : amino acids
- proteins are made up of amino acids
- they can't twist and fold (special)
- function : control the rate of reactions (enzymes); used to form bones and muscles; transport substances into or out of cells; help fight off disease (antibodies)
- the function of all proteins are based on the shape of the protein (if the shape changes, then it can no longer do it's job)
- proteins can speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy
- Ex: polypeptide chain; animo acid, enzyme; beef jerky; bacon; egg white; lobster;
26
DNA
- deoxyribonucleic acid
- holds genetics/heredity
- holds the instructions used during protein synthesis for arranging amino acids into many different proteins
27
glycerol
3-carbon "backbone of fat
28
glycogen
provides short term energy storage for animals
29
cellulose
forms the cell wall of plant cells
30
examples of starches
- almonds
- noodles
- wheat
- soy beans (but they are high in protein)
- popcorn
31
glucose
- monosaccharide (carbohydrate )
- found in plant and animals
- cranberries (high sugar); table sugar; orange juice
32
What food molecule would you eat if you needed a quick boost of energy?
monosaccharide (breaks down quickly)
33
What food molecule would you eat if you wanted to grow strong nails?
protein
34
What food molecule would you eat if you haven't eaten in days?
protein
35
What food molecule would you eat if you wanted to grow healthy hair?
proteins`
36
What food molecule would you eat if you had a race tomorrow afternoon?
polysaccharides
37
What food molecule would you eat if you were getting ready for hibernation?
lipids
38
What food molecule would you eat if you wanted to get bigger muscles?
proteins
39
What food molecule would you eat if your next meal will be in a week?
lipids
40
What are 2 kinds of bonds that form molecules?
- covalent
| - ionic
41
what kind of bond if water formed by?
covlent
42
what atoms make up water?
hydrogen and oxygen
43
what process on earth contribute water in the atmosphere?
transpirtaion and evaporation
44
water exist in 3 forms on earth. what are they?
gas, liquid, solid
45
Water molecule
- O and H atoms do not share electrons equally
- Oxygen is slightly negative
- Hydrogen atoms are slightly positive
- this makes the water molecule polar (with a slightly negative end and a slightly positive end)
46
Properties of Water
- Storage of Heat : water reacts slowly; water retains heat longer than other substances (sweat)
- Cohesion : water is attracted to other water molecules because it can form hydrogen bonds
- Adhesion : water is attracted to other substances (that are also polar)--->sweat sticks to skin
- Universal Solvent : many substances dissolve in water to form solutions (solute + solvent=solution)------> salt + water = salt water solution
47
pH Scale
- the pH scale measures how acidic or basic a solution is, which is based on the ratio of hydrogen and hydroxude ions
- acidic solutions have a greater number of hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions (on the pH scale: 0-7)
- basic solutions have a greater number of hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions (on the pH scale: 7-14)
- neutral =7
- in solutions, water molecules can spilt into hydrogen (H+) ions and hydroxide (OH-) ions
48
Acids
-substances that produce hydrogen ions in a solution
49
Bases
-substances that produce hydroxide ions in a solution
50
Buffers
- substances that minimize changes in pH
- the pH of fluids within most cells in the human body must generally be kept between 6.5 and 7.5
- controlling ph is important for mantaining homeostasis
51
Mixture
- made up of one type of substance
- physically combined
- Ex: salad, salad dressing blood, mixture of salt+water, solutions
52
chemical reaction
-process that changes 1 set of chemicals into a different set of chemicals
53
reactants
-elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction
54
products
-elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction
55
exothermic
- chemical reaction that releases energy (as heat?)
| - often occur spontaneously
56
endothermic
- chemical reaction that absorbs energy
| - will not occur without a source of energy
57
activation energy
-energy needed to get a reaction started
58
enzymes
- catalyst that lowers activation energy ins chemical reaction, which causes the reaction to speed up
- provide an active site, reducing the energy needed for a reaction
59
active site
- part of an enzyme where a substrate molecule attaches to the enzyme (by means of weak chemical bonds) --> pocket or groove on the enzymes surface
- where reactants can be brought together to react
60
substrate
-the reactants of enzyme catalyzed reactions
61
competitive inhibition
- when another substance is in the place of the substrate in the active site if an enzyme
- the substrate can't react with the enzyme
- the substance a structure (inhibitor) mimics that of the enzymes substrate
62
non-competitive inhibition
- when another substance, which is attached to an enzyme, alters the shape of the enzyme
- prevents the substrate from reacting with the enzyme
- active site can no longer function
63
What factors effect enzyme activity?
- pH values
- changes in temperature
- enzyme or substrate concentration
- enzymes can be affected by any variable that influences a chemical reaction
64
RNA
-copies the instructions for building proteins form DNA, then helps build the protein on ribosomes
