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Biology Honors > Unit 5: Cell Energy > Flashcards

Unit 5: Cell Energy Flashcards

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1
Q

Photosynthesis

A

6 H2O + 6 CO2 + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

  • 2 parts: light reaction/light dependent reaction & the Calvin Cycle/carbon fixation (light independent reaction)
  • stores energy —> endergonic
  • anabolic (combines simple molecules into more complex substances)
  • takes place in the chloroplasts (chlorophyll)—> leaves
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2
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6 02 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP

  • process that releases energy by breaking down glucoes and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen
  • takes place in the mitochondria
  • connected with breathing (breathing supplies oxygen to our cells to use in cellular respiration and removes carbon dioxide)
  • stores energy on ATP molecules
  • the complete breakdown of glucose through cellular respiration produces 36-38 ATP
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3
Q

Calories

A

-actually kilocalories (1,000 calories)

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4
Q

calories

A

-amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of a gram of water 1 degree C

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5
Q

chemical energy

A
  • carbohydrates
  • fats
  • others
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6
Q

ATP

A
  • Adenosine Tri Phosphate
  • similar to a nucleotide
  • 3 parts = sugar (ribose); nitrogen base (adenine); 3 phosphate groups
  • our body’s “energy currency”
  • the last phosphate group is bonded with a high energy chemical bond
  • is the last phosphate bond is broken, it releases energy for cells to live, forms ADP, and produces a free phophate group
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7
Q

3 stages of cell respiration

A
  1. Glycolysis =, “sugar cutting,”
  2. Krebs Cycle = (aka: citric acid cycle), happens in mitochondria/mitochondrion
  3. Electron Transport Chain = happens in mitochondria/mitochondrion
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8
Q

Glycolysis

A
  • the universal energy-harvesting process of life
  • break down of sugar
  • glucose–> 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP
  • takes place in cytoplasm
  • the first step in cellular respiration that begins releasing energy stored in glucose
  • example of metabolic pathway
  • 2 parts: energy invenstment & energy payoff
  • lots of enzymes are involved
  • uses 2 ATP molecules to start the reaction
  • produces 4 ATP molecules
  • net gain of 2 ATP molecules
  • Advantages = it is so fast that cells can produce 1,000’s of ATP molecules in a few milliseconds & it doesn’t require oxygen
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9
Q

NADH

A
  • produced during glycolysis
  • holds high electrons untill they can be transformed to other molecules
  • has the ability to make 3 ATP
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10
Q

Fermentation

A
  • releases energy from food molecules by producing ATP in the absence of oxygen
  • follows glycosis if oxygen is not present
  • anerobic
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11
Q

Lactic Acid Fermentation

A
  • pyruvic acid + NADH–> lactic acid + NAD+
  • Bacteria use this to make cheese, yogurt, and sour cream
  • Your muscle cells use this during rapid exercise when oxygen is low
  • In many cells, pyruvic acid that accumulates as a result of glycolysis can be converted to lactic acid
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12
Q

Alcohol Fermentation

A
  • pyruvic acid + NADH—> ethyl alcohol + CO2 + NAD+
  • used in winemaking, brewing, and baking
  • Yeasts and a few other microscopes use alcohol fermentation, forming ethyl alcohol and CO2 as wastes
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13
Q

NAD+

A
  • nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
  • organic molecule that cells make from vitamin niacin
  • use to shuttle electrons in redox reactions
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14
Q

redox reaction

A
  • also called an oxidation-reduction reaction

- movement of electrons from one reactant to another

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15
Q

oxidation

A

loss of electrons from one substance

-ex: H2O is oxidized in photosynthesis

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16
Q

reduction

A

addition of electrons to another substance

-ex: CO2 is reduced in photosynthesis

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17
Q

ATP synthases

A

-protein complexes built into the inner membrane that sythesize ATP

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18
Q

pyruvate

A
  • pyruvic acid

- carbon molecule produced when glucose is broken in half during glycolysis

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19
Q

substrate level phosphorylation

A
  • an enzyme tranfers a phosphate group from a substrate molecule directly to ADP, forming ATP
  • produces a small amount of ATP in both glycolysis and the Krebs cycle
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20
Q

aerobic respiration

A
  • requires oxygen
  • produces 38 ATPS for every molecule of glucose
  • uses glucose (sugar) to make ATP, carbon dioxide, and water
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21
Q

anaerobic respiration

A
  • doesn’t require oxygen
  • produces 2 ATPS for each molecule of glucose
  • produces lactic acid
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22
Q

intermediates

A
  • compounds that form between the initial reactant and the final product in a metabolic pathway
  • ex: between glucose and pyruvate in glycolysis
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23
Q

Name the TWO new high energy electron carriers used during cellular respiration that are different than the one used for photosynthesis

A
  • NAD+

- FAD

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24
Q

the Krebs cycle

A
  • aka: the citric acid cycle
  • 2 pyrivid acid —> 4 NADH + 1 ATP + 1 FADH + 3 CO2
  • requires oxygen
  • pyruvid acid is broken down into CO2 ina series of energy extracting reactions
  • electrons are harvested and later used to make ATP (3 ATP from 1 NADH; 2 ATP from 1 FADH)
    1. begins when pyruvid acid produced by glycolysis enters the mitochondrion
    2. one carbon molecule is removed forming CO2 and electrons are removed changing NAD+ to NADH
    3. Acetyl-CoA then adds 2 carbon acetyl group to a 4 carbon compound forming citric acid
    4. 1 molecule of ATP is created
  • 1 molecule of pyruvic acid forms…….= 4 NADH, 2 FADH, 1 ATP
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25
Q

rotenone

A
  • substance that binds tightly with one of the electron carrier molecules in the first protein complex, preventing electrons from passing to the next carrier molecule
  • often used to kell pest insects and fish
26
Q

obligate anaerobes

A
  • prokaryotes that live in stagnant ponds and deep in the soil
  • they require anaerobic conditions and are poisoned by oxygen
27
Q

facultative anaerobe

A
  • yeasts and other bacteria
  • make ATP either by fermentation or by oxidative phosphorylation, depending on whether O2 is available
  • ona cellular level, our muscles behave like facultative anaerobes
28
Q

yeast

A

-look at lab sheet

29
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A
  • 2 FADH +10 NADH —> 34 ATP + 6 H20
  • requires oxygen
  • high energy electrons from NADH and FADH are passed along the electron transport chain from 1 carrier protein to the next
  • the other side of the membrane, from which the H+ ions are taken is now negatively charged
  • as it rotates, the enzyme grabs a low energy ADP attaching a phosphate forming a high-energy ATP
  • takes place in the mitochondria (inner mitochondrial membrane)
30
Q

FADH

A

-has the ability to make 2 ATP

31
Q

FAD

A

-?

32
Q

autotrophs

A
  • make thier own food
  • plants
  • often reffered to as the producers of the biosphere because they produce its food supply
33
Q

photoautotophs

A

-all organisms that produce organic molecules from inorganic molecules using light energy

34
Q

mesophyll

A
  • cells in leaves that contain cholorophyll

- green tissue in the interior os a leaf

35
Q

stomata/stoma

A

pores on the undersides of the leaves

36
Q

stroma

A

-thick gel-like substance in all chloroplasts

37
Q

thylakoids

A

-interconnected membranous sacs where chlorophyll molecules are located

38
Q

photons

A
  • packets of energy where sunlight is absorbed in

- a fixed quantity of light energy and the shorter wavelength (the greater energy)

39
Q

grana

A
  • stack of thylakoids that are connected to each other

- make up the inner embrane of a chloroplast

40
Q

chloroplasts

A
  • organelle in mesophyll cells that contain chlorophyll
  • has 2 membranes
  • outer membrane is made of lipids (phospholipids)
41
Q

Why are plants green?

A

the green wavelength is reflected, not absorbed

42
Q

chlorophyll

A
  • located in the thylakoid membranes
  • harvest light energy (photons)
  • has a M+ (magnesium) ion in their center
  • chlorophyll and other pigments absorb wavelengths of light form 400 nm to 700 nm
  • absorbs blue (420nm) and red (660nm) coloras of light the best
43
Q

Why do leaves turn colors in the fall?

A
  • during the fall, green chlorophyll pigments are reduced revealing the other pigments
  • this causes them to make more glucose to live
44
Q

phosphorylation

A

-the process making ADP to ATP and free phosphate group

45
Q

light (dependent) reactions

A
  • in the thylakoid membranes
  • first part of photosynthesis
  • splits water
  • pigments in PS II and PS I absorb light
  • hight energy electrons move through the electron tranport chain
  • ATP synthase helps H+ ions in the thylakoid space to pass through the membranes in the stroma
  • use energy from photons to produce ATP andthe energy carrier NADPH
  • include steps that convert light energy to chemical energy and produce O2
  • input = H2O
  • output = O2, ATP, NADPH
46
Q

2 possible routes energized electons can take during the light reactions of photosynthesis

A
  • Cyclic Electon Flow

- Noncyclic Electron Flow

47
Q

Calvin Cycle

A
  • also called carbon fixation (C3 fixation)
  • light independent reaction (does not require light)
  • occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts
  • assembles sugar molecules using CO2 and the energy-containing products of the light reactions
  • high energy sugar compounds are made from CO2
  • input = CO2, ATP, NADPH
  • output = sugar (glucose)
48
Q

wavelength

A
  • the distance between the crests of 2 adjacent waves

- shorter wavelengths have more energy than longer ones

49
Q

electromagnetic spectrum

A

-the full range of electromagnetic wavelengths from the very short gamma rays to the very long-wavelength radio waves

50
Q

pigments

A

-light-absorbing molecules

51
Q

photosystem

A

-consists of a number of light-harvensting complexes surrounding a reaction center complex

52
Q

reation center complex

A

-contains a pair of chlorophyll a molecules and the primary electron acceptor (molecule), which is capable of accepting electrons and becoming reduced

53
Q

equation to make ATP

A

ADP+phosphate—-> ATP

  • storing energy
  • opposite = releasing energy
54
Q

C3 plants

A
  • 80% of Earth’s plants

- use the Calvin Cylce to make sugars

55
Q

C4 plants

A

-

56
Q

CAM plants

A

-

57
Q

photorespiration

A

-the breakdown of a two-carbon molecule produced by the Calvin Cycle in a plant cell

58
Q

greenhouse effect

A

-the warming of the atmosphere caused by CO2, CH4, and other gases that absorb infrared radiation and slow its escape from Earth’s surface

59
Q

global warming

A

-increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere that cause a slow and steady rise in Earth’s temperature

60
Q

3 factors that effect the rate of photosynthesis

A
  • amount of CO2
  • amount of light
  • amount of water

Biology Honors (9 decks)

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