Unit 5: Cell Energy Flashcards
1
Q
Photosynthesis
A
6 H2O + 6 CO2 + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2
- 2 parts: light reaction/light dependent reaction & the Calvin Cycle/carbon fixation (light independent reaction)
- stores energy —> endergonic
- anabolic (combines simple molecules into more complex substances)
- takes place in the chloroplasts (chlorophyll)—> leaves
2
Q
Cellular Respiration
A
C6H12O6 + 6 02 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP
- process that releases energy by breaking down glucoes and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen
- takes place in the mitochondria
- connected with breathing (breathing supplies oxygen to our cells to use in cellular respiration and removes carbon dioxide)
- stores energy on ATP molecules
- the complete breakdown of glucose through cellular respiration produces 36-38 ATP
3
Q
Calories
A
-actually kilocalories (1,000 calories)
4
Q
calories
A
-amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of a gram of water 1 degree C
5
Q
chemical energy
A
- carbohydrates
- fats
- others
6
Q
ATP
A
- Adenosine Tri Phosphate
- similar to a nucleotide
- 3 parts = sugar (ribose); nitrogen base (adenine); 3 phosphate groups
- our body’s “energy currency”
- the last phosphate group is bonded with a high energy chemical bond
- is the last phosphate bond is broken, it releases energy for cells to live, forms ADP, and produces a free phophate group
7
Q
3 stages of cell respiration
A
- Glycolysis =, “sugar cutting,”
- Krebs Cycle = (aka: citric acid cycle), happens in mitochondria/mitochondrion
- Electron Transport Chain = happens in mitochondria/mitochondrion
8
Q
Glycolysis
A
- the universal energy-harvesting process of life
- break down of sugar
- glucose–> 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP
- takes place in cytoplasm
- the first step in cellular respiration that begins releasing energy stored in glucose
- example of metabolic pathway
- 2 parts: energy invenstment & energy payoff
- lots of enzymes are involved
- uses 2 ATP molecules to start the reaction
- produces 4 ATP molecules
- net gain of 2 ATP molecules
- Advantages = it is so fast that cells can produce 1,000’s of ATP molecules in a few milliseconds & it doesn’t require oxygen
9
Q
NADH
A
- produced during glycolysis
- holds high electrons untill they can be transformed to other molecules
- has the ability to make 3 ATP
10
Q
Fermentation
A
- releases energy from food molecules by producing ATP in the absence of oxygen
- follows glycosis if oxygen is not present
- anerobic
11
Q
Lactic Acid Fermentation
A
- pyruvic acid + NADH–> lactic acid + NAD+
- Bacteria use this to make cheese, yogurt, and sour cream
- Your muscle cells use this during rapid exercise when oxygen is low
- In many cells, pyruvic acid that accumulates as a result of glycolysis can be converted to lactic acid
12
Q
Alcohol Fermentation
A
- pyruvic acid + NADH—> ethyl alcohol + CO2 + NAD+
- used in winemaking, brewing, and baking
- Yeasts and a few other microscopes use alcohol fermentation, forming ethyl alcohol and CO2 as wastes
13
Q
NAD+
A
- nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- organic molecule that cells make from vitamin niacin
- use to shuttle electrons in redox reactions
14
Q
redox reaction
A
- also called an oxidation-reduction reaction
- movement of electrons from one reactant to another
15
Q
oxidation
A
loss of electrons from one substance
-ex: H2O is oxidized in photosynthesis
16
Q
reduction
A
addition of electrons to another substance
-ex: CO2 is reduced in photosynthesis
17
Q
ATP synthases
A
-protein complexes built into the inner membrane that sythesize ATP
18
Q
pyruvate
A
- pyruvic acid
- carbon molecule produced when glucose is broken in half during glycolysis
19
Q
substrate level phosphorylation
A
- an enzyme tranfers a phosphate group from a substrate molecule directly to ADP, forming ATP
- produces a small amount of ATP in both glycolysis and the Krebs cycle
20
Q
aerobic respiration
A
- requires oxygen
- produces 38 ATPS for every molecule of glucose
- uses glucose (sugar) to make ATP, carbon dioxide, and water
21
Q
anaerobic respiration
A
- doesn’t require oxygen
- produces 2 ATPS for each molecule of glucose
- produces lactic acid
22
Q
intermediates
A
- compounds that form between the initial reactant and the final product in a metabolic pathway
- ex: between glucose and pyruvate in glycolysis
23
Q
Name the TWO new high energy electron carriers used during cellular respiration that are different than the one used for photosynthesis
A
- NAD+
- FAD
24
Q
the Krebs cycle
A
- aka: the citric acid cycle
- 2 pyrivid acid —> 4 NADH + 1 ATP + 1 FADH + 3 CO2
- requires oxygen
- pyruvid acid is broken down into CO2 ina series of energy extracting reactions
- electrons are harvested and later used to make ATP (3 ATP from 1 NADH; 2 ATP from 1 FADH)
1. begins when pyruvid acid produced by glycolysis enters the mitochondrion
2. one carbon molecule is removed forming CO2 and electrons are removed changing NAD+ to NADH
3. Acetyl-CoA then adds 2 carbon acetyl group to a 4 carbon compound forming citric acid
4. 1 molecule of ATP is created - 1 molecule of pyruvic acid forms…….= 4 NADH, 2 FADH, 1 ATP
25
rotenone
- substance that binds tightly with one of the electron carrier molecules in the first protein complex, preventing electrons from passing to the next carrier molecule
- often used to kell pest insects and fish
26
obligate anaerobes
- prokaryotes that live in stagnant ponds and deep in the soil
- they require anaerobic conditions and are poisoned by oxygen
27
facultative anaerobe
- yeasts and other bacteria
- make ATP either by fermentation or by oxidative phosphorylation, depending on whether O2 is available
- ona cellular level, our muscles behave like facultative anaerobes
28
yeast
-look at lab sheet
29
Electron Transport Chain
- 2 FADH +10 NADH ---> 34 ATP + 6 H20
- requires oxygen
- high energy electrons from NADH and FADH are passed along the electron transport chain from 1 carrier protein to the next
- the other side of the membrane, from which the H+ ions are taken is now negatively charged
- as it rotates, the enzyme grabs a low energy ADP attaching a phosphate forming a high-energy ATP
- takes place in the mitochondria (inner mitochondrial membrane)
30
FADH
-has the ability to make 2 ATP
31
FAD
-?
32
autotrophs
- make thier own food
- plants
- often reffered to as the producers of the biosphere because they produce its food supply
33
photoautotophs
-all organisms that produce organic molecules from inorganic molecules using light energy
34
mesophyll
- cells in leaves that contain cholorophyll
| - green tissue in the interior os a leaf
35
stomata/stoma
pores on the undersides of the leaves
36
stroma
-thick gel-like substance in all chloroplasts
37
thylakoids
-interconnected membranous sacs where chlorophyll molecules are located
38
photons
- packets of energy where sunlight is absorbed in
| - a fixed quantity of light energy and the shorter wavelength (the greater energy)
39
grana
- stack of thylakoids that are connected to each other
| - make up the inner embrane of a chloroplast
40
chloroplasts
- organelle in mesophyll cells that contain chlorophyll
- has 2 membranes
- outer membrane is made of lipids (phospholipids)
41
Why are plants green?
the green wavelength is reflected, not absorbed
42
chlorophyll
- located in the thylakoid membranes
- harvest light energy (photons)
- has a M+ (magnesium) ion in their center
- chlorophyll and other pigments absorb wavelengths of light form 400 nm to 700 nm
- absorbs blue (420nm) and red (660nm) coloras of light the best
43
Why do leaves turn colors in the fall?
- during the fall, green chlorophyll pigments are reduced revealing the other pigments
- this causes them to make more glucose to live
44
phosphorylation
-the process making ADP to ATP and free phosphate group
45
light (dependent) reactions
- in the thylakoid membranes
- first part of photosynthesis
- splits water
- pigments in PS II and PS I absorb light
- hight energy electrons move through the electron tranport chain
- ATP synthase helps H+ ions in the thylakoid space to pass through the membranes in the stroma
- use energy from photons to produce ATP andthe energy carrier NADPH
- include steps that convert light energy to chemical energy and produce O2
- input = H2O
- output = O2, ATP, NADPH
46
2 possible routes energized electons can take during the light reactions of photosynthesis
- Cyclic Electon Flow
| - Noncyclic Electron Flow
47
Calvin Cycle
- also called carbon fixation (C3 fixation)
- light independent reaction (does not require light)
- occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts
- assembles sugar molecules using CO2 and the energy-containing products of the light reactions
- high energy sugar compounds are made from CO2
- input = CO2, ATP, NADPH
- output = sugar (glucose)
48
wavelength
- the distance between the crests of 2 adjacent waves
| - shorter wavelengths have more energy than longer ones
49
electromagnetic spectrum
-the full range of electromagnetic wavelengths from the very short gamma rays to the very long-wavelength radio waves
50
pigments
-light-absorbing molecules
51
photosystem
-consists of a number of light-harvensting complexes surrounding a reaction center complex
52
reation center complex
-contains a pair of chlorophyll a molecules and the primary electron acceptor (molecule), which is capable of accepting electrons and becoming reduced
53
equation to make ATP
ADP+phosphate----> ATP
- storing energy
- opposite = releasing energy
54
C3 plants
- 80% of Earth's plants
| - use the Calvin Cylce to make sugars
55
C4 plants
-
56
CAM plants
-
57
photorespiration
-the breakdown of a two-carbon molecule produced by the Calvin Cycle in a plant cell
58
greenhouse effect
-the warming of the atmosphere caused by CO2, CH4, and other gases that absorb infrared radiation and slow its escape from Earth's surface
59
global warming
-increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere that cause a slow and steady rise in Earth's temperature
60
3 factors that effect the rate of photosynthesis
- amount of CO2
- amount of light
- amount of water
