Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology Honors > Unit 6: Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Unit 6: Cell Cycle Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

When an animal or plant grows, what happens to its cells?

A

it gets increases in size because it produces more cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

why can’t cells grow forever?

A
  1. not enough DNA (as the cell increases in size, it keeps the same amount of DNA. Eventually the cell will grow too much for the DNA to control all its activities)
  2. Surface area of membrane doesn’t increase as quickly as cell volume (Too little membrane —>not enough exchange of materials in and out of the cell)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

cell division

A
  • before a cell becomes too large, it divides to form 2 daughter cells
  • it can only only happen once a cell has made a copy of its DNA do that each daughter cell can have a full genetic library
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cell Division in Prokaryotes

A
  • Binary Fission
  • DNA is copied and divides into 2 cells
  • creates 2 identical daughter cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cell Division in Eukaryotes

A
  • DNA is found in the nucleus

- chromatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

chromatin

A

-DNA and protein that coils into chromosomes during cell divison

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Chromosome Structure

A
  • coiled thread of DNA and proteins
  • contains genes
  • 2 chromatids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

chrimatids

A
  • 2 identical copies of DNA that are connected to form a chromosome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

centromere

A

-the area where chromatids are attached (usually at the middle of the chromatids)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how many chromosomes are in each cell of a fruit fly?

A

8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how many chromosomes are in each cell of a carrot?

A

18

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how many chromosomes are in each cell of a human?

A

46

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

diploid

A
  • 2 sets of chromosomes (one from each parent)

- 46 chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

haploid

A
  • only 1 set of chromosomes (half the number of chromosomes)
  • 23 chromosomes
  • ex: sperm and egg
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

sex chromosomes

A

-determine the sex of an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

autosomes

A

-all the other chromosomes in an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

cell cycle

A
  • the series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide
  • a cells grows and prepares for division, and divides to form 2 daughter cells
  • 2 main parts: interphase and cell division
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

interphase

A
  • time between divions where the cell grows and replicates DNA
  • G1 = cell grows and matures
  • S = DNA is copied (synthesized)
  • G2 = cells prepare for division
19
Q

mitosis

A
  • divisions of the nucleus
  • produces identical daughter cells
  • 4 stages: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase
20
Q

prophase

A
  • coiling of DNA into chromosomes
  • nuclear membrane breaks down
  • mitotic spindle forms
21
Q

metaphse

A

-spindle fibers move chromosomes to the center of the dividing cell

22
Q

anaphase

A

-chromatids of each chromosome separate of the centromere and move towards opposite sides poles of the dividing cell

23
Q

telophase

A
  • chromosomes reach poles of the cell
  • spindle breaks down
  • chromosomes uncoil into chromatin
  • nuclear envelope and 2 nucleoli form
24
Q

cytokinesis

A
  • division of the cytoplasm
  • animal cells = cleavage furrow (cell membrane pinches in)
  • plant cells = cell plate (cell wall grows between daughter cells)
25
Q

mitotic spindle

A
  • football-shaped structure formed of microtubules and associated proteins
  • involved in the movements of chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis
26
Q

cleavage furrow

A
  • a shallow grove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate
  • the first sign of cytokinesis during cell division in an animal cell
27
Q

cell plate

A

-a double membrane across the midline of a dividing plant cell, between which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis

28
Q

centrioles

A
  • structure in an animal cell

- composed of cylinders of microtubule triplets arranged in a 9 and 0 pattern

29
Q

meiosis

A
  • type of cell division that produces haploid gametes in diploid organisms
  • produces 4 new cells
  • interphase
  • meiosis I = homologous chromosomes separate (prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I and telophase I and cytokinesis)
  • meiosis II = sister chromatids separate (prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telaphase II and cytokinesis)
30
Q

somatic cell

A

body cells

31
Q

gametes

A
  • sex cells (egg & sperm)
  • haploid
  • used during meiosis
  • made in the testes and ovaries in humans
32
Q

asexual reproduction

A
  • makes offspring that are identical to the parent (binary fission)
  • only uses 1 parent
33
Q

sexual reproduction

A
  • makes offspring that are differnet fronm the parent
  • meisis happens and then egg and sperm and egg join
  • uses 2 parents
34
Q

homologous chromosomes

A
  • pairs of chromosomes (1 from mother and 1 form father) that have the same genes
  • tetrad
  • ex: gene for eye color
35
Q

tetrads

A
  • 4 chromosomes

- the pair of chromosomes

36
Q

spermatogenesis

A
  • process of making sperm cells

- diploid cell divides br meiosis to make 4 haploid sperm cells

37
Q

Oogenesis

A
  • process of making egg cells
  • diploid cell divides by meiosis to make 1 mature egg (makes 4 cells but only 1 is mature)
  • other 3 haploid cells = polar bodies
38
Q

how is the one egg cell different from the 3 polar bodies?

A

the egg cell had more cytoplasm and orgamelles than the 3 polar bodies do that it can bring nutrients to the zygote

39
Q

how are metaphase I of meiosis and metaphase of mitosis different?

A

During metaphase I of meiosis, chromosomes line up in homologous pairs along the metaphase plate.
During metaphase of mitosis, chromosomes line up single file along the metaphase plate

40
Q

which part of meiosis (meiosis I or II) is most like mitosis?

A
  • meiosis II
  • chromosomes line up single file along the metaphase plate
  • chromatids separate during anaphase adn daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell (just w/ 1 chromatid instead of 1)
41
Q

how does crossing over conrtribute to genetic variety?

A
  • homologous chromosomes “trade” genes (exchange DNA) so the offspring looks different from either parent and from siblings
  • offspring had some of mom’s genes and part of dad’d genes
42
Q

how is the result of meiosis different from the result of mitosis?

A
  • meiosis = produces 4 haploid daughter cells (23 chromosomes)
  • mitosis = produces 2 diploid cells
43
Q

what is the main difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis?

A
  • spermatogenesis produces 4 funcional sperm cells

- oogenesis produces 1 funcional egg cell

Biology Honors (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions