Unit 8: Language and Thought Flashcards
Constructing utterances to suit the audience’s knowledge
Audience Design
Information that is shared by people who engage in a conversation
Common ground
Group to which a person belongs
Ingroup
Words and expressions
Lexicon
A tendency for people to characterize positive things about their ingroup using more abstract expressions, but negative things about their outgroups using more abstract expressions
Linguistic intergroup bias
Group to which a person does not belong
Outgroup
A stimulus presented to a person reminds them about other ideas associated with the stimulus
Priming
The hypothesis that the language that people use determines their thoughts
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
A mental representation of an event, object, or situation constructed at the time of comprehending a linguistic description
Situation model
The hypothesis that the human brain has evolved, so that humans can maintain larger ingroups
Social-brain hypothesis
Networks of social relationships among individuals through which information can travel
Social Networks
Rules by which words are strung together to form sentences
Syntax
The bias to be affected by an initial anchor, even if the anchor is arbitrary, and to insufficiently adjust our judgments away from that anchor
Anchoring
The systematic and predictable mistakes that influence the judgment of even very talented human beings
Biases
The systematic ways in which we fail to notice obvious and important information that is available to us
Bounded awareness
The systematic ways in which our ethics are limited in ways we are not even aware of ourselves
Bounded ethicality
Model of human behavior that suggests that humas try to make rational decisions but are bounded due to cognitive limitations
Bounded rationality
The systematic and predictable ways in which we care about the outcomes of others
Bounded self-interest
The tendency to place greater weight on present concerns rather than future ones
Bounded willpower
The bias to be systematically affected by the way in which information is presented, while holding the objective information constant
Framing
Cognitive (or thinking) strategies that simplify decision making by using short-cuts
Heuristics
The bias to have greater confidence in your judgment than is warranted based on a rational assessment
Overconfident
Our intuitive decision-making system, which is typically fast, automatic, effortless, implicit, and emotional
System 1
Our more deliberative decision-making system, which is slower, conscious, effortful, explicit, and logical
System 2
When did the Official Languages Act of Canada come into effect?
1969
What did the Official Languages Act do?
Gave French and English equal status in Canada
Smallest unit of speech sound that can convey a unique meaning but carries no meaning itself
Phoneme
Smallest unit of meaning. A series of phonemes that has a special meaning
Morphemes
Prefixes and suffixes that are bound to words
Bound Morpheme
Free morpheme
“Water”
Change the meaning of part of speech when they are bound together. Ex: “happy” and “ness”
Derivational
Modify the tense of a verb, or the number value of a noun
Inflectional
The meaning of words and word combinations
Semantics
Derived from the Greek word “syntaxi”
Syntax
Describes the set of rules that determine the arrangement of words in a sentence
Syntax
Language conveys an infinite number of ideas based on different combinations of words or symbols
Generative
Language can build upon itself without limits. We can put words, phrases, and sentences, inside of themselves without limits
Recursion
Language can refer to things that are not directly present
Displacement
Like other learned behaviors, Language develops through processes of reinforcement and shaping. This is a part of which theory?
Behaviorist Theory
Progression through the language milestones occurs though shaping. Is an example of which theory?
Behaviorist Theory
Language is an innate faculty is a part of which theory?
Nativist Theory
“universal grammar” is the basis upon which all human languages build and is an inborn capacity is part of which theory?
Nativist Theory
What is the first stage of Language Development?
Cooing (3-5 months)
What is the second stage of Language Development?
Babbling (5-7 months)
Cries, gurgles, grunts, breaths and laughs are a part of which language development stage?
Stage 1
Intentional and deliberate vocalizations consisting of consonants and vowels but carrying no specific meaning are a part of which language development stage?
Stage 2
What is the third stage of language development?
One-word utterance (12 months)
Infants and 1 year olds using single words is a part of which language development stage?
Stage 3
When a childs vocabulary grows and word are being put together and basic sentence building is a part of which language development stage?
Stage 4
What is the fourth language development stage?
Two-Word utterance (18-24 months)
What is the fifth stage of language development?
Sentence-Phase (2.5-3 years)
By the end of the third year, children are forming complete sentences. This is a part of which language development stages?
Stage 5
Model of human behavior that suggests that humas try to make rational decisions but are bounded due to cognitive limitations
Bounded Rationality
Bounded rationality is a huma decision-making process in which we attempt to satisfice, rather than optimize
