Unit 7: Memory (Encoding, Storage, Retrieval) Flashcards
Memory for the events in one’s life
Autobiographical memory
The process occurring after encoding that is believed to stabilize memory traces
Consolidation
Memory for the events in ones life
Autobiographical memory
The process occurring after encoding that is believed to stabilize memory traces
Consolidation
Principle stating that the more memories that are associated to a particular retrieval cue, the less effective the cue will be in prompting retrieval of any one memory
Cue Overload Principle
Principle that unusual events (in context of similar events) will be recalled and recognized better than uniform (nondistinctive) events.
Distinctiveness
Initial experience of perceiving and learning events
Encoding
Hypothesis that a retrieval cue will be effective to the extent that information encoded from the cue overlaps or matches information in the engram or memory trace
Encoding specificity principle
A term indicating the change in the nervous system representing an event; also, memory trace
Engrams
Memory for events in a particular time and place
Episodic Memory
Vivid personal memories of receiving the news of some momentous and usually emotional event
Flashbulb memory
A term indicating the change in the nervous system representing an event
Memory traces
When erroneous information occurring after an event is remembered as having been a part of the original event
Misinformation effect
A strategy for remembering large amounts of information, usually involving imaging events occurring on a journey or with some other set of memorized cues
Mnemonic devices
A device such as a pattern of letters, ideas or associations that assists in remembering something. Ex: “Richard Of York Gave Battle In Vain” Colors of the spectrum, Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet
Mnemonic
The ubiquitous process during learning of taking information in one form and converting it to another form, usually one more easily remembered
Recoding
The process of accessing stored information
Retrieval
The phenomenon whereby events that occur after some particular event of interest will usually cause forgetting of the original event
Retroactive interference
The more or less permanent store of knowledge that people have
Semantic memory
The stage in the learning/memory process that bridges encoding and retrieval; the persistence of memory over time
Storage
Memory for an event that never actually occurred
False memories
Memories implanted by experimental manipulation or other means
False memories
Any member of a lineup other than the suspect
Foils
A memory error caused by exposure to incorrect information between the original event and later memory test
Misinformation effect
A research subject who plays the part of a witness in a study
Mock witness
A selection of normally small photographs of faces given to a witness for the purpose of identifying a perpetrator
Photo spreads
The nervous system’s potential for physical or chemical change which enhances its adaptability
Neuroplasticity
The processes by which information is encoded, stored and retrieved
Memory
The ability to recount what one knows, to detail the time and place, and circumstances of events; often lost in amnesia.
Explicit Memory
It is long-term memory that can be consciously recalled
Explicit Memory
Memory that is suggested (implied) but not plainly expressed, as illustrated in the things that people do, but not state clearly.
Implicit memory
Memory of a previous event or experience that is produced indirectly, and without awareness that memory is involved
Implicit Memory
Memory for general, factual and personal knowledge as well as memories of past events specific to an individual.
Episodic/Autobiographical Memory
When a person engages in “mental time travel” and remembers that they were the one who lived the event
Episodic or Autobiographical Memory
Which part of the brain plays a role in episodic memory formation and retrieval?
The hippocampus
Factual or general knowledge that is shared and is irrespective of any individuals personal experiences
Semantic Memory
Type of memory for perceptual and motor skills which is learned through practice and remains relatively stable
Procedural Memory
This part of the brain is important for motor skills memories. It is used to recall a movement or how to perform some act or behavior
The Basal Ganglia
Conditioned reflexes acquired through an associative learning protocol that involves the pairing of an aversive experience with a neutral event
Emotional responses
Partial or total loss of memory
Amnesia
The inability to form and recall events subsequent to a disturbance of the brain such as head trauma, electroconvulsive shock or neurodegenerative disease, while the ability to recall information from the past remains intact
Anterograde Amnesia
The inability to recall memories or experiences that occurred prior to a disturbance of the brain such as head trauma, electroconvulsive shock or neurodegenerative disease, while the ability to build new memories remains intact.
Retrograde Amnesia
Memory that is also known as declarative memory
Explicit Memory
Types of Explicit memory
Semantic and Episodic
subjects demonstrate knowledge, such as a skill, conditioned response, or recalling stimuli on prompting, but cannot explicitly retrieve the information
Unconscious memory
Memory storage system that briefly holds a limited amount of information in awareness
Short-term memory
Duration of this type of memory storage is 15-18 seconds without rehearsal
Short-term memory
The more recent and accurate term to describe “short-term memory” as it includes our capacity to work with the information
Working memory
What is the “Magical Number”?
Humans can hold 5-9 meaningful items in working memory. 7 +/-2
The capacity of which type of memory increases as children age and decreases with advanced aging?
Short-term memory
First stage of information processing
Encoding
Modifying information so that it can be placed in memory
Encoding
Using working memory to organize information into meaningful units to make it easier to remember
Chunking
Using working memory processes to think about how new information relates to yourself or your prior knowledge (semantic information)
Elaborative Rehearsal
Provides deeper encoding of information for more successful long-term storage
Elaborative Rehearsal
Creation of visual images to represent words to be remembered
Enriching encoding: visual imagery
Making information to be retained personally meaningful
Enriching encoding: self-referent encoding
Describes the process of maintaining information for some time
Storage
The process of localizing stored information and returning it to consciousness
Retrieval
The third stage of information processing
Retrieval
Which parts of the brain did Henry Gustav Molaison have removed?
Hippocampus, parahipocampal gyrus and amygdala were removed bilaterally
The hypothesized physical trace - biophysical or biochemical is produced when information is stored in the brain
Memory trace (engram)
Memory performance depends on the similarity between the information comprising a memory trace and the information available at recall
Encoding specificity principle
long term memory retrieval is most effective when a persons physiological state at the time of encoding and retrieval is the same
State-dependent memory
long term memory retrieval is most effective when a persons mood state at the time of encoding and retrieval is the same
Mood-dependent memory
A type of long term memory involving conscious recollection of previous experiences with context of time, place and associated emotions
Episodic Memory
Our general knowledge of facts of the world
Semantic memory
The three stages of learning and memory process
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
