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Psych > Unit 7: Memory (Encoding, Storage, Retrieval) > Flashcards

Unit 7: Memory (Encoding, Storage, Retrieval) Flashcards

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1
Q

Memory for the events in one’s life

A

Autobiographical memory

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2
Q

The process occurring after encoding that is believed to stabilize memory traces

A

Consolidation

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3
Q

Memory for the events in ones life

A

Autobiographical memory

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4
Q

The process occurring after encoding that is believed to stabilize memory traces

A

Consolidation

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5
Q

Principle stating that the more memories that are associated to a particular retrieval cue, the less effective the cue will be in prompting retrieval of any one memory

A

Cue Overload Principle

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6
Q

Principle that unusual events (in context of similar events) will be recalled and recognized better than uniform (nondistinctive) events.

A

Distinctiveness

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7
Q

Initial experience of perceiving and learning events

A

Encoding

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8
Q

Hypothesis that a retrieval cue will be effective to the extent that information encoded from the cue overlaps or matches information in the engram or memory trace

A

Encoding specificity principle

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9
Q

A term indicating the change in the nervous system representing an event; also, memory trace

A

Engrams

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10
Q

Memory for events in a particular time and place

A

Episodic Memory

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11
Q

Vivid personal memories of receiving the news of some momentous and usually emotional event

A

Flashbulb memory

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12
Q

A term indicating the change in the nervous system representing an event

A

Memory traces

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13
Q

When erroneous information occurring after an event is remembered as having been a part of the original event

A

Misinformation effect

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14
Q

A strategy for remembering large amounts of information, usually involving imaging events occurring on a journey or with some other set of memorized cues

A

Mnemonic devices

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15
Q

A device such as a pattern of letters, ideas or associations that assists in remembering something. Ex: “Richard Of York Gave Battle In Vain” Colors of the spectrum, Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet

A

Mnemonic

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16
Q

The ubiquitous process during learning of taking information in one form and converting it to another form, usually one more easily remembered

A

Recoding

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17
Q

The process of accessing stored information

A

Retrieval

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18
Q

The phenomenon whereby events that occur after some particular event of interest will usually cause forgetting of the original event

A

Retroactive interference

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19
Q

The more or less permanent store of knowledge that people have

A

Semantic memory

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20
Q

The stage in the learning/memory process that bridges encoding and retrieval; the persistence of memory over time

A

Storage

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21
Q

Memory for an event that never actually occurred

A

False memories

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22
Q

Memories implanted by experimental manipulation or other means

A

False memories

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23
Q

Any member of a lineup other than the suspect

A

Foils

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24
Q

A memory error caused by exposure to incorrect information between the original event and later memory test

A

Misinformation effect

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25
Q

A research subject who plays the part of a witness in a study

A

Mock witness

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26
Q

A selection of normally small photographs of faces given to a witness for the purpose of identifying a perpetrator

A

Photo spreads

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27
Q

The nervous system’s potential for physical or chemical change which enhances its adaptability

A

Neuroplasticity

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28
Q

The processes by which information is encoded, stored and retrieved

A

Memory

29
Q

The ability to recount what one knows, to detail the time and place, and circumstances of events; often lost in amnesia.

A

Explicit Memory

30
Q

It is long-term memory that can be consciously recalled

A

Explicit Memory

31
Q

Memory that is suggested (implied) but not plainly expressed, as illustrated in the things that people do, but not state clearly.

A

Implicit memory

32
Q

Memory of a previous event or experience that is produced indirectly, and without awareness that memory is involved

A

Implicit Memory

33
Q

Memory for general, factual and personal knowledge as well as memories of past events specific to an individual.

A

Episodic/Autobiographical Memory

34
Q

When a person engages in “mental time travel” and remembers that they were the one who lived the event

A

Episodic or Autobiographical Memory

35
Q

Which part of the brain plays a role in episodic memory formation and retrieval?

A

The hippocampus

36
Q

Factual or general knowledge that is shared and is irrespective of any individuals personal experiences

A

Semantic Memory

37
Q

Type of memory for perceptual and motor skills which is learned through practice and remains relatively stable

A

Procedural Memory

38
Q

This part of the brain is important for motor skills memories. It is used to recall a movement or how to perform some act or behavior

A

The Basal Ganglia

39
Q

Conditioned reflexes acquired through an associative learning protocol that involves the pairing of an aversive experience with a neutral event

A

Emotional responses

40
Q

Partial or total loss of memory

A

Amnesia

41
Q

The inability to form and recall events subsequent to a disturbance of the brain such as head trauma, electroconvulsive shock or neurodegenerative disease, while the ability to recall information from the past remains intact

A

Anterograde Amnesia

42
Q

The inability to recall memories or experiences that occurred prior to a disturbance of the brain such as head trauma, electroconvulsive shock or neurodegenerative disease, while the ability to build new memories remains intact.

A

Retrograde Amnesia

43
Q

Memory that is also known as declarative memory

A

Explicit Memory

44
Q

Types of Explicit memory

A

Semantic and Episodic

45
Q

subjects demonstrate knowledge, such as a skill, conditioned response, or recalling stimuli on prompting, but cannot explicitly retrieve the information

A

Unconscious memory

46
Q

Memory storage system that briefly holds a limited amount of information in awareness

A

Short-term memory

47
Q

Duration of this type of memory storage is 15-18 seconds without rehearsal

A

Short-term memory

48
Q

The more recent and accurate term to describe “short-term memory” as it includes our capacity to work with the information

A

Working memory

49
Q

What is the “Magical Number”?

A

Humans can hold 5-9 meaningful items in working memory. 7 +/-2

50
Q

The capacity of which type of memory increases as children age and decreases with advanced aging?

A

Short-term memory

51
Q

First stage of information processing

A

Encoding

52
Q

Modifying information so that it can be placed in memory

A

Encoding

53
Q

Using working memory to organize information into meaningful units to make it easier to remember

A

Chunking

54
Q

Using working memory processes to think about how new information relates to yourself or your prior knowledge (semantic information)

A

Elaborative Rehearsal

55
Q

Provides deeper encoding of information for more successful long-term storage

A

Elaborative Rehearsal

56
Q

Creation of visual images to represent words to be remembered

A

Enriching encoding: visual imagery

57
Q

Making information to be retained personally meaningful

A

Enriching encoding: self-referent encoding

58
Q

Describes the process of maintaining information for some time

A

Storage

59
Q

The process of localizing stored information and returning it to consciousness

A

Retrieval

60
Q

The third stage of information processing

A

Retrieval

61
Q

Which parts of the brain did Henry Gustav Molaison have removed?

A

Hippocampus, parahipocampal gyrus and amygdala were removed bilaterally

62
Q

The hypothesized physical trace - biophysical or biochemical is produced when information is stored in the brain

A

Memory trace (engram)

63
Q

Memory performance depends on the similarity between the information comprising a memory trace and the information available at recall

A

Encoding specificity principle

64
Q

long term memory retrieval is most effective when a persons physiological state at the time of encoding and retrieval is the same

A

State-dependent memory

65
Q

long term memory retrieval is most effective when a persons mood state at the time of encoding and retrieval is the same

A

Mood-dependent memory

66
Q

A type of long term memory involving conscious recollection of previous experiences with context of time, place and associated emotions

A

Episodic Memory

67
Q

Our general knowledge of facts of the world

A

Semantic memory

68
Q

The three stages of learning and memory process

A

Encoding
Storage
Retrieval

Psych (6 decks)

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