Unit 6: Conditioning and Learning

Question 1

The finding that no conditioning occurs to a stimulus if it combined with a previously conditioned stimulus during conditioning trials.

Answer 1

Blocking

Question 2

Suggests that information, surprise value, or prediction error is important in conditioning

Answer 2

Blocking

Question 3

To sort or arrange different items into classes or categories

Answer 3

Categorize

Question 4

Procedure where neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus resulting in the conditioned stimulus beginning to elicit a conditioned response

Answer 4

Classical conditioning

Question 5

In classical conditioning, a conditioned response that opposes, rather than is the same as the unconditioned response.

Answer 5

Conditioned compensatory response

Question 6

often seen in conditioning when drugs are used as unconditional stimuli

Answer 6

Conditioned compensatory response

Question 7

Response that is elicited by the conditioned stimulus after classical conditioning has taken place

Answer 7

Conditioned response (CR)

Question 8

Initially neutral stimulus that elicits a conditioned response after it has been associated with an unconditioned stimulus

Answer 8

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Question 9

Stimuli that are in the background whenever learning occurs

Answer 9

Context

Question 10

In operant conditioning it is a stimulus that signals whether the response will be reinforced. “sets the occasion” for the operant response

Answer 10

Discriminative stimulus

Question 11

Learned behavior decreases when conditioned stimulus occurs and is presented without the unconditioned stimulus

Answer 11

Extinction (Classical conditioning)

Question 12

When the behavior is no longer reinforced

Answer 12

Extinction (Instrumental conditioning)

Question 13

Classical or Pavlovian conditioning where the conditioned stimulus (CS) is associated with an aversive unconditioned stimulus (US). ex: foot shock

Answer 13

Fear conditioning

Question 14

Consequence of learning CS comes to evoke fear

Answer 14

Fear conditioning

Question 15

Thought to be involved in the development of anxiety disorder in humans

Answer 15

Fear conditioning

Question 16

CS

Answer 16

Conditioned Stimulus

Question 17

Instrumental behavior that is influenced by the animals knowledge of the association between the behavior and its consequence and the current value of the consequence.

Answer 17

Goal-directed behavior

Question 18

Instrumental behavior that occurs automatically in the presence of a stimulus and is no longer influenced by the animals knowledge of the value of the reinforcer

Answer 18

Habit

Question 19

Process in which animals learn about the relationships between their behaviors and their consequences.

Answer 19

Instrumental conditioning

Question 20

Also known as Operant Conditioning

Answer 20

Instrumental Conditioning

Question 21

Idea that instrumental or operant responses are influenced by their effects.

Answer 21

Law of effect

Question 22

Responses that are followed by a pleasant state of affairs will be strengthened and those that are followed by discomfort will be weakened

Answer 22

Law of effect

Question 23

Refers to the idea that operant or instrumental behaviors are lawfully controlled by their consequences

Answer 23

Law of effect

Question 24

Learning by observing the behavior of others

Answer 24

Observational Learning

Question 25

A behavior that is controlled by its consequences.

Answer 25

Operant

Question 26

When the outcome of a conditioning trial is different from that which is predicted by the conditioned stimuli that are present on the trial

Answer 26

Prediction error

Question 27

When the US is surprising

Answer 27

Prediction Error

Question 28

Idea that organisms evolutionary history can make it easy to learn a particular association.

Answer 28

Preparedness

Question 29

A stimulus that decreases the strength of an operant behavior when it is made a consequence of the behavior

Answer 29

Punisher

Question 30

Mathematical rule that states the effectiveness of a reinforcer at strengthening an operant response depends on the amount of reinforcement earned for all alternative behaviors.

Answer 30

Quantitative law of effect

Question 31

Any consequence of a behavior that strengthens the behavior or increases the likelihood that it will be performed it again

Answer 31

Reinforcer

Question 32

Recovery of an extinguished response that occurs when the context is changed after extinction. Especially strong when the context involves return to the context in which conditioning originally occurred.

Answer 32

Renewal Effect

Question 33

Can occur after extinction in either classical or instrumental conditioning

Answer 33

Renewal Effect

Question 34

The theory that people can learn new responses and behaviors by observing the behavior of others

Answer 34

Social Learning Theory

Question 35

Authorities that are the targets for observation and who model behaviors

Answer 35

Social Models

Question 36

Recovery of an extinguished response that occurs with the passage of time after extinction.

Answer 36

Spontaneous recovery

Question 37

Can occur after extinction in either classical or instrumental conditioning

Answer 37

Spontaneous recovery

Question 38

When an operant behavior is controlled by a stimulus that precedes it

Answer 38

Stimulus Control

Question 39

The phenomenon in which a taste is paired with sickness and this causes the organism to reject and dislike that taste in the future

Answer 39

Taste aversion learning

Question 40

In classical conditioning, an innate response that is elicited by a stimulus before (or in the absence of) conditioning

Answer 40

Unconditioned Response (UR)

Question 41

In classical conditioning, the stimulus that elicits the response before conditioning occurs

Answer 41

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

Question 42

Learning that occurs by observing the reinforcement or punishment of another person

Answer 42

Vicarious reinforcement

Question 43

A reinforcer might not be particularly good at encouraging a behaviors if many other similar behaviors are also given similar rewards. This is the main point of the ___________ law of effect

Answer 43

Quantitative

Question 44

After their relationship ends, Mary is reminded of her ex constantly. Over time she stops associating everything she sees with her ex. This demonstrates ________

Answer 44

Extinction

Question 45

Effects that increase behaviors are called reinforcers; effects that decrease behaviors are called:

Answer 45

punishers

Question 46

In Ivan Pavlov's original experiment, the __________ served as an unconditioned stimulus because it naturally elicited a response from the dogs.

Answer 46

Food

Question 47

In Pavlovian conditioning, a fundamental premise is that the only thing that a conditional stimulus can cause is a:

Answer 47

Conditioned Response

Question 48

Lilah chews mint bubble gum every day. After she gets the flu and feels sick she hates the taste of mint. This is an example of:

Answer 48

Taste Aversion Conditioning

Question 49

Rita watches Kalie constantly, often imitating her behaviors. Kalie serves as a _________ for Rita.

Answer 49

Social Model

Question 50

US

Answer 50

Unconditioned Stimulus

Question 51

CS

Answer 51

Conditioned Stimulus

Question 52

Training protocol that occurs after conditioning during which the US is no longer presented with the CS

Answer 52

A procedure (Extinction)

Question 53

CR

Answer 53

Conditioned Response

Question 54

Psychological orientation focused on the measurement of observable behavior rather than internal processes such as thoughts

Answer 54

Behaviorism

Question 55

Studied salivary responses in dogs

Answer 55

Dr. Ivan Pavlov