Unit 6: Conditioning and Learning Flashcards
The finding that no conditioning occurs to a stimulus if it combined with a previously conditioned stimulus during conditioning trials.
Blocking
Suggests that information, surprise value, or prediction error is important in conditioning
Blocking
To sort or arrange different items into classes or categories
Categorize
Procedure where neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus resulting in the conditioned stimulus beginning to elicit a conditioned response
Classical conditioning
In classical conditioning, a conditioned response that opposes, rather than is the same as the unconditioned response.
Conditioned compensatory response
often seen in conditioning when drugs are used as unconditional stimuli
Conditioned compensatory response
Response that is elicited by the conditioned stimulus after classical conditioning has taken place
Conditioned response (CR)
Initially neutral stimulus that elicits a conditioned response after it has been associated with an unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
Stimuli that are in the background whenever learning occurs
Context
In operant conditioning it is a stimulus that signals whether the response will be reinforced. “sets the occasion” for the operant response
Discriminative stimulus
Learned behavior decreases when conditioned stimulus occurs and is presented without the unconditioned stimulus
Extinction (Classical conditioning)
When the behavior is no longer reinforced
Extinction (Instrumental conditioning)
Classical or Pavlovian conditioning where the conditioned stimulus (CS) is associated with an aversive unconditioned stimulus (US). ex: foot shock
Fear conditioning
Consequence of learning CS comes to evoke fear
Fear conditioning
Thought to be involved in the development of anxiety disorder in humans
Fear conditioning
CS
Conditioned Stimulus
Instrumental behavior that is influenced by the animals knowledge of the association between the behavior and its consequence and the current value of the consequence.
Goal-directed behavior
Instrumental behavior that occurs automatically in the presence of a stimulus and is no longer influenced by the animals knowledge of the value of the reinforcer
Habit
Process in which animals learn about the relationships between their behaviors and their consequences.
Instrumental conditioning
Also known as Operant Conditioning
Instrumental Conditioning
Idea that instrumental or operant responses are influenced by their effects.
Law of effect
Responses that are followed by a pleasant state of affairs will be strengthened and those that are followed by discomfort will be weakened
Law of effect
Refers to the idea that operant or instrumental behaviors are lawfully controlled by their consequences
Law of effect
Learning by observing the behavior of others
Observational Learning
A behavior that is controlled by its consequences.
Operant
When the outcome of a conditioning trial is different from that which is predicted by the conditioned stimuli that are present on the trial
Prediction error
When the US is surprising
Prediction Error
Idea that organisms evolutionary history can make it easy to learn a particular association.
Preparedness
A stimulus that decreases the strength of an operant behavior when it is made a consequence of the behavior
Punisher
Mathematical rule that states the effectiveness of a reinforcer at strengthening an operant response depends on the amount of reinforcement earned for all alternative behaviors.
Quantitative law of effect
Any consequence of a behavior that strengthens the behavior or increases the likelihood that it will be performed it again
Reinforcer
Recovery of an extinguished response that occurs when the context is changed after extinction. Especially strong when the context involves return to the context in which conditioning originally occurred.
Renewal Effect
Can occur after extinction in either classical or instrumental conditioning
Renewal Effect
The theory that people can learn new responses and behaviors by observing the behavior of others
Social Learning Theory
Authorities that are the targets for observation and who model behaviors
Social Models
Recovery of an extinguished response that occurs with the passage of time after extinction.
Spontaneous recovery
Can occur after extinction in either classical or instrumental conditioning
Spontaneous recovery
When an operant behavior is controlled by a stimulus that precedes it
Stimulus Control
The phenomenon in which a taste is paired with sickness and this causes the organism to reject and dislike that taste in the future
Taste aversion learning
In classical conditioning, an innate response that is elicited by a stimulus before (or in the absence of) conditioning
Unconditioned Response (UR)
In classical conditioning, the stimulus that elicits the response before conditioning occurs
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
Learning that occurs by observing the reinforcement or punishment of another person
Vicarious reinforcement
A reinforcer might not be particularly good at encouraging a behaviors if many other similar behaviors are also given similar rewards. This is the main point of the ___________ law of effect
Quantitative
After their relationship ends, Mary is reminded of her ex constantly. Over time she stops associating everything she sees with her ex. This demonstrates ________
Extinction
Effects that increase behaviors are called reinforcers; effects that decrease behaviors are called:
punishers
In Ivan Pavlov’s original experiment, the __________ served as an unconditioned stimulus because it naturally elicited a response from the dogs.
Food
In Pavlovian conditioning, a fundamental premise is that the only thing that a conditional stimulus can cause is a:
Conditioned Response
Lilah chews mint bubble gum every day. After she gets the flu and feels sick she hates the taste of mint. This is an example of:
Taste Aversion Conditioning
Rita watches Kalie constantly, often imitating her behaviors. Kalie serves as a _________ for Rita.
Social Model
US
Unconditioned Stimulus
CS
Conditioned Stimulus
Training protocol that occurs after conditioning during which the US is no longer presented with the CS
A procedure (Extinction)
CR
Conditioned Response
Psychological orientation focused on the measurement of observable behavior rather than internal processes such as thoughts
Behaviorism
Studied salivary responses in dogs
Dr. Ivan Pavlov
