Unit 8 - Joints Flashcards

1
Q

Fibrous Joints

A
  • lack synovial cavity
  • bones held closely together by fibrous connective tissue
  • little or no movement
  • 2 structural types
    • sutures (skull)
    • syndesmoses
    • gomphoses
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2
Q

Sutures

A
  • thin layer of dense fibrous connective tissue unites bones of skull
  • immovable
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3
Q

Syndemosis

A
  • fibrous joint
  • bones unites by ligament
  • slightly moveable
  • distal tibiofibular joint and interossoeous membrane
  • everywhere except skull and teeth
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4
Q

Gomphosis

A
  • Teeth in alveolar processes
  • ligament (periodontal) holds coneshaped peg in bony socket
  • immovable
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5
Q

Cartilaginous Joints

A
  • lacks a synovial cavity
  • allows little or no movement
  • bones tightly connected by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage
  • 2 types:
    • synchondroses (hyaline cartilage)
    • symphyses (fibrocartilage)
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6
Q

Synchondrosis

A
  • connecting material is hyaline cartilage
  • epiphyseal plate or joints between ribs and sternum
  • immovable
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7
Q

Symphysis

A
  • fibrocartilage is connecting material
  • can withstand more stress
  • intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis
  • slightly moveable
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8
Q

Synovial Joints

A
  • synovial cavity separates articulating bones
  • freely moveable
  • articular cartilage reduces friction and absorbs shock
  • articular capsule (2 layers):
    • outer fibrous capsule
    • thickening in fibrous capsule called ligaments
  • synovial membrane
    • inner lining of capsule
    • secretes synovial fluid
    • brings nutrients to articular cartilage
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9
Q

Other Special Features of synovial joints

A
  • accessory ligaments
    • extracapsular ligaments outside joint capsule
    • intracapsular ligaments within capsule
  • articular discs or menisci
    • attached around edges of capsule
    • allow 2 bones of different shape to fit tightly together
    • increase stability of joint
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10
Q

Bursae

A
  • fluid-filled structures between structures
  • some are extensions of the joint capsule
  • reduce friction between moving structures
    • skin and bone
    • ligament and bone
    • tendon and bone
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11
Q

Tendon Sheaths

A
  • tube-like bursae that wrap around tendons at wrist and ankle where many tendons come together in a confined space
  • reduce friction
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12
Q

Gliding Movement

A
  • bone surfaces are flat or slightly curved
  • slide side to side
  • rotation prevented by ligaments
  • examples
    • intercarpal or intertarsal joints
    • sternoclavicular joint
    • vertebrocostal joint
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13
Q

Angular Movement: Hinge Joint

A
  • convex surface of one bone fits into concave surface of another
  • knee, elbow, ankle
  • movement produced:
    • flexion: decreasing joint angle
    • extension: increasing joint angle
    • hyperextension: opening joint past anatomical position
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14
Q

Abduction

A

-moving laterally… away from medial plane

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15
Q

Adduction

A

-moving medially toward middle

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16
Q

Rotation

A
  • bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis
  • medial rotation is turning of anterior surface in towards the midline
  • lateral rotation is turning of anterior surface away from midline
17
Q

Circumduction

A
  • movement of a distal end of a body part in a circle

- combination of flexion, extension, adduction and abduction

18
Q

Movements of Mandible

A
  • elevation: upward
  • depression: downward
  • protraction: forward
  • retraction: backward
19
Q

Hand and Foot Movements

A
  • inversion: curving ankle medially
  • eversion: curving ankle laterally
  • dorsiflexion: flexed foot
  • plantarflextion: pointed foot
  • pronation: inward rotation of hand
  • supination: outward rotation of hand
20
Q

Glenohumeral (shoulder) joint

A
  • articular capsule from glenoid cavity to anatomical neck of humerus
  • many nearby bursa
  • rotator cuff provides support without restricted movement
  • tendons of infraspinatus muscle
  • tendon of teres minor muscle
  • tendon of subscapularis muscle
  • tendon of supraspinatus muscle
  • subacromial bursa
  • subscapular bursa
21
Q

Supporting Structures at Shoulder

A
  • associated ligaments strengthen joint capsule
  • tendons of muscle attachment
  • coracoacromial ligament
  • coracohumeral ligament
  • transverse numeral ligament
  • glenohumeral ligament
  • tendon of biceps brachii muscle
22
Q

Hip Joint

A
  • head of femur and acetabulum of hip bone
  • ball and socket synovial joint
  • bony support restricts movement