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Intro Anatomy > Unit 4 - Tissues > Flashcards

Unit 4 - Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Types of Tissue

A
  • Epithelial
  • Connective
  • Muscular
  • Nervous
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2
Q

Origin of Tissues

A
  • Primary germ layers in embryo: endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm
  • Epithelium comes from all 3 layers
    • endoderm: forms epithelial lining of GI & respiratory
    • mesoderm: forms epithelium lining of body cavities
    • ectoderm: forms epidermis of skin
  • connective tissue & muscular from mesoderm
  • nerve tissue from ectoderm
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3
Q

Cell Junctions

A
  • tight junctions
  • adherens junctions
  • gap junctions
  • desmosomes
  • hemidesmosomes
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4
Q

Tight Junctions

A
  • strands of transmembrane proteins that fuse the outer surface of plasma membrane
  • seal off intercellular spaces and inhibit passage of substances between cells (eg. Epithelial cells that line intestine or urinary bladder
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5
Q

Adherens Junctions

A
  • transmembrane proteins are connected to microfilaments on the inside of the membrane and to similar proteins of adjacent cell across in the intercellular space
  • resist separation
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6
Q

Gap Junctions

A
  • membrane proteins form channels

- substances can diffuse from one cell to another

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7
Q

Desmosomes

A
  • like adherens junctions but contain intermediate filaments that extend across opposite side
  • resist separation (eg. Epidermal cells)
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8
Q

Hemidesmosomes

A

-resemble desmosomes but link the cell to a basement membrane

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9
Q

Features of Epithelial Tissue

A
  • tightly packed cells forming continuous sheets
  • little or no extra cellular material between cells
  • cells sit on basement membrane
  • avascular:nutrients diffuse in from underlying connective tissue
  • good nerve supply
  • rapid cell division
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10
Q

Basement Membrane

A
  • Extracellular layer that consists of:
    1. Basal lamina
    2. Reticular lamina
  • Functions:
    • anchor epithelial cells to connective tissue
    • form a surface along which cells migrate during growth
    • restrict passage of large molecules
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11
Q

Basal Lamina of Basement Membrane

A
  • closer to basal surface of epithelial cells
  • secreted by epithelial cells
  • contains collagen and other fibres
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12
Q

Reticular Lamina of Basement Membrane

A
  • closer to underlying connective tissue
  • secreted by connective tissue cells (fibroblasts)
  • contains reticular fibres
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13
Q

Classification of Epithelium

A
  • By arrangement of cells into layers:
    • simple
    • stratified
    • pseudo-stratified
  • By shape of surface cell:
    • squamous
    • cuboidal
    • columnar
    • transitional
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14
Q

Simple Squamous

A
  • single layer of flat cells
  • flattened oval nucleus
  • found in blood vessels (endothelium) and body cavities (mesothelium)
  • functions: is very thin so controls:
    • filtration
    • diffusion
    • secretion
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15
Q

Simple Cuboidal

A
  • single layer of cuboidal cells
  • round centrally located nucleus
  • found in lining of kidney tubules, secretory portion of glands
  • functions: absorption and secretion
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16
Q

Nonciliated Simple Columnar

A
  • single layer of rectangular cells
  • oval nucleus near base of cell
  • may have microvilli
  • at be modified to goblet cells (unicellular glands) that secrete mucous
  • located in lining of GI from stomach to rectum, large ducts of glands
  • function: absorption and secretion of mucous
17
Q

Ciliates Simple Columnar Epithelium

A
  • single layer of ciliates rectangular cells
  • oval nucleus near base of cells
  • may have goblet cells
  • located in lining of uterine tubes, bronchioles
  • functions:
    • move oocytes expelled from ovaries through uterine tube to uterus
    • move mucous and trapped foreign particles in respiratory tract toward throat
18
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar

A
  • single layer of cells
  • not all cells reach apical surface
  • all cells rest on basement membrane
  • nuclei are found at different levels so it looks multilayered
  • may or may not have cilia and goblet cells
  • located in lining of most upper respiratory tract and epididymis, larger ducts of glands
  • functions:
    • absorption
    • secretion of mucous that traps foreign particles and sweep away
19
Q

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A
  • several layers thick
    • apical layer is formed of Squamous cells
    • deeper layers vary from cuboidal to columnar
    • basal cells divide and push upward toward apical layer where they die
  • two types:
    • keratinized: surface cells are dead and filled with keratin
    • non-keratinzed: surface cells are dead but no keratin
  • located in epidermis of skin (keratinized) or lines wet surfaces (non-keratinized)
  • function: protect against abrasion, water loss, UV and foreign invasion
20
Q

Rare types of stratified epithelium

A
  • stratified cuboidal and stratified columnar
  • found in ducts of some glands in urethra
  • mainly protective
21
Q

Transitional Epithelium

A
  • multilayered and looks like stratified cuboidal
  • surface cells varying in shape from large rounded to flat if stretched
  • located in lining of hollow organs that expand from within (bladder/ureter)
  • allows urinary organs to stretch and hold variable amount of fluid
22
Q

Glandular Epithelium

A
  • Exocrine Glands
  • Endocrine Glands
  • Mixed Glands
23
Q

Structural Classification of Exocrine Glands

A
  • secrete onto free surface of epithelial layer or into ducts
  • eg: sweat/salivary
  • classified into:
    • unicellular glands
    • multicellular glands
      • most of exocrine glands
      • classified according to shape of duct:
        • simple: unbranched
        • compound: branched
      • Shape of secretory portion:
        - tubular
        - Acinar (alveolar) when rounded
        - tubuloacinar: both
24
Q

Functional Classification of Exocrine Glands

A
  • Merocrine (eccrine):
    • cells release products by exocytosis
    • most glands: saliva, digestive enzymes and sweat
  • Apocrine
    • accumulate the secretory product of the upper surface of cell which pinches off. Remaining part of cell only repairs itself.
    • only in mammary gland
  • Holocrine
    • accumulate the secretory product in the cystol; whole cells rupture to release products. Cells are then replaced
    • sebaceous glands
25
Q

Connective Tissue

A
  • most abundant and most widely distributed
  • binds together
  • supports and strengthens other tissue
  • protects and insulates internal organs
  • blood transports nutrients and wastes
  • source of immune response
  • fat tissue stores energy
26
Q

Characteristics of Connective Tissue

A
  • cells rarely touch due to extracellular matrix
  • matrix: fibres and ground substance secreted by cells
  • does not occur on free surface
  • good blood supply except cartilage and tendons
  • good nerves supply except cartilage
27
Q

Cell Types of Connective Tissue

A
  • blast cells: retain ability to divide and produce matrix
    • fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts
  • cyte cells: mature cell that have reduced capacity to divide or produce matrix
    • fibrocytes, chondrocytes, osteocytes
  • macrophages: develop from monocytes. Engulf bacteria and debris by phagocytosis
  • Plasma cells: develop from B lymphocytes and produce antibodies
  • mast cells: produce histamine to dilate small blood vessels
  • adipocytes: store fat
  • white blood cells: migrate to sites of infection (neutrophils)
28
Q

Connective Tissue Extracellular Matrix Ground Substances

A
  • support the cells and fibres
  • helps determine the consistency of the matrix
  • contains many large molecules (adhesion proteins and carbohydrates)
  • binds collagen fibres to ground substance
29
Q

Connective Tissue Extracellular Matrix Fibres

A
  • collagen (most abundant)
    • formed from collagen
    • tough, resistant to pull, yet pliable
  • Elastin
    • lungs, blood vessels, ear cartilage
    • smaller diameter fibres formed from elastin
    • can stretch and return to shape
  • Reticular
    • spleen, lymph nodes
    • formed from collagen
    • thin branched fibres that form framework of organs
30
Q

Classification of Connective Tissue

A
  • Embryonic
    • mesenchyme
    • mucous
  • mature
    • connective tissue proper
      • loose connective tissue
        • areolar
        • adipose
        • reticular
      • dense connective tissue
        • dense regular
        • dense irregular
        • elastic
    • supporting connective (cartilage and bone)
    • liquid (blood, lymph)

Intro Anatomy (11 decks)

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