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Intro Anatomy > Brain & Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Brain & Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Principle parts of brain

A
  • cerebrum
  • diencephalon
    • thalamus and hypothalamus
  • cerebellum
  • brainstorm
    • medulla oblongata
    • pons
    • midbrain
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2
Q

Protective Coverings of brain

A
  • bone, meninges & fluid
  • meninges same as around spinal cord
    • dura mater
    • arachnoid mater
    • pia mater
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3
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A
  • continuation of spinal cord
  • ascending sensory tracts
  • descending motor tracts
  • cardiovascular centre
    • force & rate of heart beat
    • diameter of blood vessels
  • respiratory centre
    • medullary rhythmicity area sets basic rhythm of breathing
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4
Q

Central surface of medulla oblongata

A
  • ventral surface bulge
    • pyramids - large motor tract
  • decussation of most fibres
    • left cortex controls right muscles
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5
Q

Dorsal surface of medulla oblongata

A
  • nucleus gracious and nucleus cuneatus: sensory neurons

- relay information to thalamus on opposite side of brain

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6
Q

Pons

A
  • white fibre tracts ascend and descend
  • pontine nuclei located in bulb of pons
  • middle cerebellar peduncles carry cortical inputs to cerebellum
  • bridge between cerebella hemispheres
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7
Q

Midbrain

A
  • superior and inferior colliculi
  • extends from pons to diencephalon
  • cerebral aqueduct connects 3rd ventricle above to 4th ventricle below
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8
Q

Midbrain in section

A
  • superior to colliculus
  • substantial Nigra: help control subconscious muscle activity
  • cerebral peduncles: contain descending axons from cerebral cortex
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9
Q

Diencephalon

A
  • surrounds 3rd ventricle
  • superiors part is in the thalamus
  • inferior part is in the hypothalamus
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10
Q

Thalamic Nuclei

A
  • Nuclei have different roles
    • relay auditory and visual impulses, taste, and somatic sensations
    • receives impulses from cerebellum and basal ganglia
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11
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • dozen or so nuclei located ventral to thalamus
  • controls autonomic functions - cardiorespiratory
  • has direct and indirect influences on endocrine system
  • plays an important role in emotions and behaviour and learning and memory (anger, pleasure, feeding, drinking and sleep)
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12
Q

Cerebrum (cerebral cortex and basal nuclei

A
  • cerebral cortex is gray matter overlying white matter
    • fold (gyri) and grooves (sulci) or fissures
  • longitudinal fissure separates left hemisphere and right hemisphere
  • gyri increase surface area
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13
Q

Corpus callous

A

-band of white matter connecting left and right cerebral hemispheres

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14
Q

Cerebrum

A
  • each hemisphere is subdivided into lobes
  • frontal lobe
  • central sulcus (precentral and postcentral gyrus)
  • parietal lobe
  • parieto-occipital sulcus
  • occipital lobe
  • lateral sulcus
  • temporal lobe
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15
Q

Functional organization of cerebral cortex

A
  • sensory areas: receive and interpret sensory and impulses
  • motor areas: initiate movements
  • association areas: integrative functions such as memory, emotions, reasoning, will, judgment, personality and intelligence
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16
Q

Areas of cerebral cortex for speech and language

A
  • Broca’s areas (in frontal lobe) formulates words for speech
  • wernicke’s area (in temporal lobe) for interpretation of spoken words
  • angular and supramarginal gyrus: integration
17
Q

Hemispheric lateralization

A
  • although the 2 hemispheres share performance of many functions, each hemisphere also specializes in performing certain unique functions
  • language is lateralized: hemisphere that is more important for the comprehension and production of language is called the dominant hemisphere
  • non-dominant hemisphere although inferior in language functions superior in other functions
18
Q

Basal Nuclei

A
  • control large autonomic movements of skeletal muscles, such as those used for standing and walking
  • caudate, putamen and globus pallidus
19
Q

Lambic system

A
  • medial fringe of brain, includes cortical and subcritical structures
  • emotional brain: intense pleasure and intense pain
  • strong emotions increase efficiency of memory
20
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • 2 cerebellar hemispheres and vermis (central area)
  • folia (gyri) and fissures and sulci
  • correct voluntary muscle contraction and posture based on sensory data from body about actual movements
  • sense of equilibrium
  • concerned with:
    • coordination of muscular activity –> ataxia (in-coordination of movement)
    • propioception –> hypotonia and tremor
    • equilibrium –> vertigo
21
Q

Cerebellar Peduncles

A
  • superior, middle, and inferior peduncles attach to brain stem
  • inferior carries sensory information from spinal cord
  • middle carries input from cerebral cortex and basal ganglia
  • superior carries output to brain stem and thalamus
22
Q

Ventricular system

A
  • system of spaces filled with CSF
  • lateral ventricles
  • 3rd ventricle
  • 4th ventricle
23
Q

CSF

A
  • 80-150ml
  • clear liquid containing glucose, proteins, and ions
  • mechanical protections: floats brain & softens impact with bony walls
  • chemical protection: optimal ionic concentration for action potentials
  • circulation: nutrients and waste products to and from bloodstream
24
Q

Origin of CSF

A
  • made by choroid plexus (ependymal cells and capillaries
  • located in lateral, 3rd and 4th ventricles
  • cerebral aqueduct connects 3rd and 4th ventricles
25
Q

Drainage of CSF from ventricles

A

-one median aperture and 2 lateral apertures allow CSF to exit from the interior of the brain

26
Q

Reabsorption of CSF

A
  • reabsorbed through arachnoid villi
  • grapelike clusters of arachnoid penetrate rural venous sinus
  • 20ml/hr reabsorption rate: same as production rate
27
Q

Blood supply to brain

A
  • internal carotid arteries (contribute to circle of Willis)
  • vertebral arteries (contribute to circle of willis)
  • anastomotic network of arteries at base of brain
  • arterial blood supply is branches from circle of Willis on base of brain (internal carotid and vertebral arteries)
  • vessels on surface of brain: penetrate tissue
  • uses 20% of our bodies oxygen and glucose needs
  • blood flow to an area increases with activity in that area
  • deprivation of O2 for more than 4 mins does permanent damage
    • at that time lysosomes release enzymes
28
Q

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

A

-abrupt onset of neurological symptoms, such as paralysis or loss of sensation, that arise from destruction of brain tissue following intracerebral hemorrhage, emboli (blood clots), and atherosclerosis (formation of cholesterol-containing plaques that block blood flow) of the cerebral arteries

29
Q

Blood-brain barrier

A
  • protects cells from some toxins and pathogens
  • proteins and antibiotics cannot pass but alcohol and anesthetics do
  • tight junctions seal together endothelial cells, continuous basement membrane, astrocytes processes covering capillaries
30
Q

Cranial Nerves

A
  • 12 pairs of cranial nerves
  • most originate from brain stem and pass through foramina in skull
  • Olfactory (i) bulb
  • optic (ii) nerve
  • oculomotor (iii) nerve
  • trochlear (iv) nerve
  • trigeminal (v) nerve
  • abducens (vi) nerve
  • Facial (vii) nerve
  • vestibulocochlear (viii) nerve
  • glossopharyngeal (ix) nerve
  • vagus (x) nerve
  • accessory (xi) nerve
  • hypoglossal (xii) nerve
31
Q

Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)

A
  • motor portion: muscles of mastication
  • sensory portion: touch, pressure, pain & temp receptors of the face
  • ophthalmic branch
  • maxillary branch
  • mandibular branch

Intro Anatomy (11 decks)

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