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BIOM 3200 > UNIT 8: Homeostasis and Neurophysiology > Flashcards

UNIT 8: Homeostasis and Neurophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two systems involved in homeostasis?

A

the nervous and endocrine system

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2
Q

What roles does the nervous system play in Homeostasis?

A

Provide rapid sensory information, regulate the processing of sensory information and the generation of responses, and trigger specific target organ responses within seconds or minutes

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3
Q

What primary role does the nervous system have in Homeostasis?

A

it has a primary role in the complex behavioural processes that are responsible for maintaining homeostasis and reproductive functions

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4
Q

What role does the endocrine system have in Homeostasis?

A

they act as chemical messengers, regulate most aspects of metabolism, tissue growth, and reproduction

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5
Q

What are the two main cell types in the nervous system?

A

Neurons and Glia

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6
Q

What is a neuron?

A

Neurons are organized into circuits and control every activity in the body. Neurons also conduct electrical signals and release chemical signals to other cells (they cannot divide)

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7
Q

What is glia?

A

They act as support cells for neurons or neuronal processes (they can divide)

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8
Q

How many classifications of neurons are there, and what are they?

A
  1. Sensory Neurons, Motor Neurons, and Association/interneurons.
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9
Q

What is a sensory neuron?

A

they conduct impulses from sensory receptors to the central nervous system

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10
Q

What are motor neurons?

A

They conduct impulses from the central nervous system to target organs (muscles or glands)

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11
Q

What are association/interneurons?

A

they are located completely within the central nervous system and they integrate functions of the nervous system

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12
Q

What are motor neurons particularly classified?

A

Somatic motor neurons and autonomic motor neurons

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13
Q

What are somatic motor neurons?

A

they are the neurons that are responsible for reflexes and voluntary control of skeletal muscles

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14
Q

What are autonomic motor neurons?

A

supply involuntary targets such as smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands

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15
Q

How many structural components are neurons classified as?

A

5: anaxonic, unipolar, pseudounipolar, bipolar, multipolar

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16
Q

What is anaxonic?

A

has no obvious axon (primarily in the CNS)

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17
Q

What is unipolar?

A

means there is only one axon

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18
Q

What is pseudounipolar?

A

this means that there is one axon that is branching into two

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19
Q

What is bipolar?

A

this means there are 2 axons

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20
Q

What is multipolar?

A

this has a large dendritic tree that receives information and one main output axon

21
Q

Where do neurons receive information?

A

sensory receptors or other neurons

21
Q

What are Glia cells?

A

Nonconducting but support neurons. There are 2 types found in the peripheral nervous system, and 4 are found in the central nervous system.

21
Q

What are the 2 called in the PNS?

A

Schwann Cells and Satellite cells

22
Q

What are Schwann Cells?

A

they produce myelin sheaths around the myelinated axons in the PNS. they surround these axons to form neurilemmal sheath (sheath of Schwann)

23
Q

What are Satellite cells?

A

They support the functions of neurons within sensory and autonomic ganglia

24
Q

What are the 4 called in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes, microglia, astrocytes, and Ependymal cells

25
Q

What are oligodendrocytes?

A

they form the myelin sheath around the central axons, producing “white matter” of the CNS

26
Q

What is Microglia?

A

Phagocytose pathogens and cellular debris in the CNS

27
Q

What are Astrocytes?

A

They cover capillaries in the CNS and induce the blood-brain barrier

28
Q

What are Ependymal Cells?

A

They form the epithelial of brain cavities and the central canal of the spinal cord

29
Q

What is Neurotransmission?

A

This is when neurotransmitters are released by the axon terminal of a neuron binding to and reacting with the receptors on the dendrites of another neuron

30
Q

How are signaling neurons measured?

A

signalling by neurons involves electrical potentials and this can be measured by placing electrodes on the surface of the skull (electroencephalogram or EEG)

31
Q

How is neural transmission achieved?

A

transient changes in the membrane potential

32
Q

What is membrane potential?

A

this is the difference in ion electric potential between the inside and the outside of a cell (denoted as mV)

33
Q

What is resting membrane potential?

A

this is a result of a combination of factors

34
Q

What does this difference in charge mean?

A

This is the membrane potential

35
Q

What are equilibrium membrane potentials?

A

The extent to which each ion contributes to the potential difference across the plasma membrane - or membrane potential - depends on its concentration gradient and membrane permeability

36
Q

What is membrane potential determined by?

A

Since the plasma membrane is more permeable to K+ ions, the membrane potential is determined by K+ concentration gradient

37
Q

What is the Nernst equation?

A

Allows for theoretical membrane equilibrium potential to be calculated for a particular ion when its concentrations are known

38
Q

What is the Action Potential?

A

rapid change in the membrane potential of a neuron and is required to conduct nerve impulses (signals) along the length of the axon and on to the next

39
Q

How are changes in membrane potential to resting potential caused?

A

They are caused by mechanical or ligated ion channels opening in response to stimuli

40
Q

What happens when a threshold is reached?

A

Na+ will rush into the cell and the membrane potential will suddenly depolarize (become more positive) so that it moves toward the resting membrane potential of sodium

41
Q

When will the Na+ channels close again?

A

This will occur when the membrane potential reaches ~+30mV

42
Q

What happens when voltage-gated K+ channels open?

A

they repolarize the cells (the cell becomes more negative). The membrane potential will then shoot below the normal resting potential, close to the K+ equilibrium potential

43
Q

What is the relative refractory period?

A

This is when cells are still excitable but there is more current required to bring it back to its threshold for another action potential.

44
Q

What is the All or None Law?

A

this is once the threshold has been reached, and action potential will happen

45
Q

What happens if an action potential does occur?

A

The size of the depolarizing stimulus will not affect the size of the action potential; it will always reach +30mV

46
Q

What happens if action potential does not occur?

A

The size of the depolarizing stimulus will not affect the action potential duration

47
Q

Where is action potential initiated?

A

at the axon hillock

BIOM 3200 (5 decks)

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