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BIOM 3200 > UNIT 11: Respiratory > Flashcards

UNIT 11: Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What is respiration?

A

The process by which animals take in oxygen necessary for cellular metabolism and release carbon dioxide that accumulates in their bodies as a result of the expenditure of energy

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2
Q

How does gas transfer occur?

A

through passive diffusion

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3
Q

What does the respiratory system consist of?

A

nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs

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4
Q

Where the pharynx and larynx lead to?

A

they lead to the lungs. The larynx is connected to thee trachea which will branch into the right and left bronchi

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5
Q

What do the bronchi divide into?

A

the bronchioles

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6
Q

Where do the terminal bronchioles lead air to?

A

they lead air to the respiratory bronchioles

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7
Q

Where do the respiratory bronchioles lead to?

A

they connect to a fan of alveolar ducts and sacs

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8
Q

What is the function of the alveolar ducts and sacs?

A

to moisten and cleanse the air that is taken in and transfer it to the gas-exchangeing portion of the lung.

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9
Q

What is found inside these ducts and sacs?

A

capillaries (contain connective tissue fibers)

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10
Q

What are some important factors of gas exchange?

A

the relationship between oxygen pressure in the alveoli, the thickness of the alveolar and endothelial cells

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11
Q

What are the two types of alveolar cells?

A

Type I and Type II

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12
Q

What is Type I

A

responsible for gas exchange

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13
Q

What is Type II

A

responsible for the secretion of pulmonary surfactant and the re-absorption of sodium around water

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14
Q

What are the two zones that air passages are divided into?

A

the respiratory and conducting zone

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15
Q

What is the respiratory zone?

A

where gas exchange occurs and it includes bronchioles and alveoli

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16
Q

What is the conducting zone?

A

all the structures through which air passes before reaching the respiratory zone

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17
Q

Where are the lungs suspended?

A

within the pleural cavity

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18
Q

What can be known as the thoracic cage?

A

the ribs and diaphragm

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19
Q

What does the thoracic cage consist of?

A

mainly the lungs, but between the lungs and the thoracic wall there is a low volume of pleural space that is sealed and fluid filled

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20
Q

What controls the contractions of muscles while breathing?

A

the respiratory center within the medulla oblongata

21
Q

What happens during inhalation?

A

volume of thorax increases due to the lowering of the diaphragm. the ribs are also raised and moved outward by the contraction of the external intercostal muscles

22
Q

What does the increase in thoracic volume do?

A

it reduces alveolar pressure and air is drawn into the lungs

23
Q

What happens during exhalation

A

the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax and reduce the thoracic volume

24
Q

What does reducing the thoracic volume do?

A

raises alveolar pressure and forces air out of the lungs

25
Q

What is a surfactant?

A

found in alveoli and they reduce surface tension

26
Q

Where are pulmonary surfactants produced?

A

in type II alveolar cells

27
Q

What is the purpose of pulmonary surfactants?

A

helps reduce the effort of breathing and help prevents the collapse of alveoli

28
Q

How do surfactants reduce the chances of alveolar collapse?

A

by stabilizing surface tension when the alveolar sac is expanded

29
Q

When does collapse occur?

A

when the pressure inside a small alveolar sac is greater than the pressure of the larger alveolar sac which will then force the air from the small sac to the large sac.

30
Q

How is oxygen transported in blood?

A

hemoglobin

31
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A

principle part of a red blood cell, a large protein with 4 polypeptide chains and 4 iron-containing heme groups

32
Q

Where does oxygen attach itself to in the hemoglobin?

A

to the iron atoms on the heme groups

33
Q

What conditions effect oxygens ability to bind to the iron group?

A

pressure of oxygen in surrounding area, pH, and carbon dioxide levels

34
Q

When does hemoglobins affinity for oxygen decrease?

A

if temperature increases, pH decreases, or carbon dioxide levels increase

35
Q

What happens in a decrease in pH?

A

it will reduce Hb/O2 affinity since the shape of the oxygen binding sites of the hemoglobin molecule change

36
Q

What happens when there is a ride in body temperature?

A

Hb/O2 affinity will be reduces (increased energy will prevent bonds from forming or break any bonds that are currently in place)

37
Q

How does an increased CO2 content affect the affinity?

A

because the CO2 will be binding where O2 should be binding

38
Q

What are the three main ways that CO2 is transported in the blood?

A

dissolved into molecular CO2 (small %), reacting with NH2 groups of hemoglobin and other proteins to form carbamino compounds (larger amounts), and transported as bicarbonate (Main method)

39
Q

What is one way pH is regulated?

A

through breathing (pH decreases- respiration rate and depth increases)

40
Q

What is breathing?

A

automatic and rhythmic behaviour regulated by several nerve centers in the brain (pons and medulla oblongata)

41
Q

What helps ventilate the lungs?

A

the muscles and diaphragm

42
Q

What drives inspiration?

A

the activity of the inspiratory neuron’s in the dorsal inspiratory group drive (this gets interrupted by inhibition from the pneumotaxic centre)

43
Q

What is the pneumotaxic centre?

A

this allows exhalation and then allows the cycle of inspiration too occur again

44
Q

What network of neurons allow breathing to be regulated?

A

higher brain center’s, chemoreceptors, and mechanoreceptors

45
Q

What happens when PCO2 levels are increased?

A

level of pH in CSF decreases (body. has the ability to adjust breathing patterns to the environment)

46
Q

What is PCO2?

A

the main drive for increased breathing rates since the chemoreceptors are more sensitive to high PCO2 than low O2

47
Q

What is the Hering-Breuer reflex?

A

when the body is maintaining normal ventilation and refers to prevent over-inflation of the lungs. This reflex is stimulated by pulmonary stretch receptors (prevents over-extension of the lungs)

48
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

when animals use anaerobic pathways, or adjust respiratory and cardiovascular systems in order to deliver oxygen throughout there body while there is reduced O2 availability

BIOM 3200 (5 decks)

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