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BIOM 3200 > UNIT 10: Nervous System > Flashcards

UNIT 10: Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the CNS composed of?

A

the brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

Where does the CNS receive input from?

A

from sensory neurons and it directs the activity of motor neurons that innervate muscles and glands

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3
Q

What nerve sends information to the brain?

A

sensory peripheral nerves (the brain then integrates and generates a response)

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4
Q

How is the brain connected to the spinal cord?

A

caudally. A large bundle of axonal nerve fibers that connects the spinal nerves with the brain

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5
Q

What do ascending tracts do?

A

convey sensory information from the periphery to the brain

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6
Q

What do descending tracts do?

A

they send motor nerve impulses from the brain down the spinal cord

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7
Q

What other abilities does the spinal cord have?

A

some information integration independent of the brain in the form of reflex arcs

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8
Q

What are the three distinct germ layers that have formed 14 days after conception?

A

ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm

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9
Q

What happens to the ectoderm 20 days after formation?

A

this forms a groove that will become the neural tube

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10
Q

What is the neural tube?

A

single hollow channel that will eventually develop into the brain and the spinal cord

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11
Q

What are the 3 distinct swellings that come from the neural tube after 4 weeks of conception?

A

prosencephalon (forebrain), mesencephalon (midbrain), and rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

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12
Q

What happens by week 5?

A

the large swellings differentiate into 5 regions

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13
Q

What are those 5 regions?

A

the telencephalon and diencephalon (from the prosencephalon), the mesencephalon, and the metencephalon and myelencephalon (from the rhombencephalon)

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14
Q

What are ventricles?

A

fluid-filled chambers

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15
Q

What are ventricles filled with?

A

cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)

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16
Q

How is CSF produced?

A

by specialized tissue that lines the ventricles which is called the choroid plexuses

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17
Q

What does CSF do?

A

provides nourishment and protection as a shock absorber

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18
Q

What are the 4 ventricles in the human brain?

A

lateral (2), third and fourth ventricle

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19
Q

What are the lateral ventricles?

A

they are large paired ventricles that are found deep in the cerebral hemispheres and join the third ventricle at the level of the diencephalon

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20
Q

What is the third ventricle?

A

this is found in the diencephalon between the right and left thalamus

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21
Q

What is the fourth ventricle?

A

this is located at the level of the pons, cerebellum, and medulla

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22
Q

How are the ventricles joined together?

A

by foramen

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23
Q

What do the foramen do?

A

They facilitate the flow of CSF in and out of the brain

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24
Q

How are the lateral ventricles connected to the third ventricles?

A

vis the interventricular foramen

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25
Q

How is the third ventricle connected to the fourth ventricle

A

via mesencephalic aquaduct

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26
Q

How is the fourth ventricle connected to the subarachnoid space?

A

via the median aperture

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27
Q

What are the three connective tissues that encase the brain and spinal cord?

A

the meninges

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28
Q

What is the outermost layer called?

A

the dura mater (tough connective tissue layer)

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29
Q

What is the middle layer called?

A

the arachnoid mater (delicate membrane)

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30
Q

What is the inner layer called?

A

the pia mater (also a delicate membrane that is intimately associated with the surface of the brain)

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31
Q

What is the space between the pia and arachnoid mater called?

A

subarachnoid space (filled with CSF)

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32
Q

What is the purpose of the subarachnoid space?

A

provide a buoyant layer that protects the brain from mechanical damage

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33
Q

Where does CSF in the subarachnoid space drain through?

A

through specialized areas of the meninges called arachnoid villi and into venous circulation

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34
Q

Where do higher brain functions occur?

A

in the cerebrum (the largest part of the brain)

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35
Q

What is the shape of the cerebrum?

A

Mushroom-shaped and wrinkled structure that is found cranially and partially covers the rest of the brain

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35
Q

What do Sulci eventually create

A

elevated folds known and gyri

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35
Q

What are the grooves in the cerebrum called?

A

Sulci

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35
Q

What does the surface of the cerebrum look like?

A

it is grey matter and consists mainly of neuronal cell bodies

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36
Q

How can the cerebrum be divided?

A

into the right and left hemispheres by a deep groove called the longitudinal fissure

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36
Q

What is found deep in the cerebrum?

A

White matter mainly consists of myelinated axons that connect the grey matter with other brain areas. The few cell bodies found in white matter often collect in groups and form distinct grey areas known as nuclei

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36
Q

What divides the cerebrum on the coronal plane into anterior and posterior parts?

A

the central sulcus

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36
Q

What is the lateral sulcus?

A

a large groove that is found on each side of the brain. it delineates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobe

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37
Q

What is the posterior part of the cerebrum called?

A

occipital lobe

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38
Q

What is the precentral gyrus?

A

part of the frontal lobe adjacent to the central sulcus.

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39
Q

What does the precentral gyrus consist of?

A

consists of upper motor neurons which send axons down through the brain and spinal cord to synapse lower motor neuron

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40
Q

What is the precentral gyrus also involved in?

A

involuntary muscle movement (lower motor neurons leave the spinal cord as the PNS and innervate skeletal muscle at neuromuscular junctions)

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41
Q

What is the area adjacent to the central sulcus on the parietal lobe called?

A

postcentral gyrus

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42
Q

What is the postcentral gyrus involved in?

A

Somatic sensation from receptors all over the body

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43
Q

What does the temporal lobe contain?

A

neurons important for the interpretation of senses, and the occipital lobe is important for visual stimuli

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44
Q

What are the basal nuclei and limbic system?

A

nuclei that lie deep to the surface of the cerebrum that are important for higher brain function in humans

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45
Q

What are the cerebral lobes?

A

Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insula

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46
Q

What is the frontal lobe function?

A

voluntary motor control of skeletal muscles, personality, higher intellectual processes, and verbal communication

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47
Q

What is the parietal lobe function?

A

cutaneous and muscular sensations, speech, textures, and shapes

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48
Q

What is the temporal lobe function?

A

auditory sensation, memory of auditory and visual experiences

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49
Q

What is the occipital lobe function?

A

Integration of movements in focusing eyes, correlation of visual images with images

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50
Q

What is the insula lobe function?

A

memory, pain, and visceral integration

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51
Q

What is the basal nuclei?

A

various collections of cell bodies found in the white mater of the cerebrum and they are critical for proper body movements

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52
Q

What are upper motor neurons?

A

they are of the motor cortex and they send axons deep into the cerebrum where they then synapse on the basal nuclei

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53
Q

What happens once received?

A

the impulses are transferred to different areas of the basal nuclei in complex circuits and are eventually relayed to the thalamus or the cerebellum

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54
Q

What do the thalamus and the cerebellum do?

A

send the majority of the signals back to the motor cortex thus forming an accessory motor system

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55
Q

Why is the accessory motor system important?

A

it determines how rapid a movement will occur and how large that movement will be

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56
Q

What does the limbic system consist of?

A

this consists of various brain regions that are responsible for emotion, behavior, motivation, long-term memory, and smell

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57
Q

What areas of the cerebrum does the limbic system consist of?

A

cingulate gyrus, amygdala, hippocampus, septal nuclei, the anterior insula, and the hypothalamus and thalamus

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58
Q

What else is the limbic system also critical for?

A

emotional drives and forms complex connections with the thalamus and hypothalamus

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59
Q

Are the limbic system and the cerebral cortex connected?

A

No

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60
Q

What emotions are associated with the limbic system?

A

aggression, fear, feeding patterns, sex drive, and reward and punishment systems

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61
Q

What does the diencephalon consist of?

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

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62
Q

What pathways are included in the connection between the thalamus and cerebral cortex?

A

motor and sensory pathways

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63
Q

What does relaying on sensory information from the thalamus do?

A

provides and interpretation of sensation based on previous experience. ( good vs bad, hot vs cold [crude sensation])

64
Q

What is a small structure in the diencephalon?

A

the hypothalamus

65
Q

What does the hypothalamus control?

A

lower autonomic functions, or bodily functions that occur involuntarily (heart rate). This includes the autonomic, nervous, and endocrine system as the hypothalamus extends axonal projections into the posterior pituitary

66
Q

Hypothalamus= ???

A

body’s thermostat and preforms homeostasis

67
Q

What does the hypothalamus do to increase body temperature?

A

induces vasoconstriction in surface blood vessels that will decrease blood flow to the surface of the body and thus the blood loss inhibits eccrine sweat glands.

68
Q

What do eccrine sweat glands do?

A

Prevents sweating and further heat loss. It can also induce shivering to increase heat protection by muscular contractions

69
Q

What does the hypothalamus do to decrease body temperature?

A

it vasodilates the surface blood vessels and induces sweating

70
Q

What else does the hypothalamus do?

A

contains hunger and thirst centers and also contributes to emotion and behaviour

71
Q

What is the mesencephalon?

A

the midbrain. it forms the upper part of the brainstem, which connects the pons and cerebellum with the diencephalon.

72
Q

What does the mesencephalon include?

A

corpora quadrigemina, cerebral peduncles, red nucleus, substantia nigira

73
Q

What is corpora quadrigemina?

A

visual and auditory reflexes

74
Q

What are the cerebral peduncles?

A

ascending and descending tracts

75
Q

What is the red nucleus?

A

connects the cerebrum to the cerebellum and is involved in motor coordination

76
Q

What is the substantia nigira?

A

an important part of the motor circuit

77
Q

What is the rhombencephalon?

A

the hindbrain. it is composed of the metencephalon superiorly and myelencephalon inferiorly

78
Q

What is the metencephalon comprised of?

A

pons and the cerebellum

79
Q

What is the myelencephalon comprised of?

A

medulla oblongata

80
Q

Where are the two respiratory control centers found?

A

Apneustic and pneumotaxic

80
Q

What do the pons do?

A

connects, or bridges any descending pathways from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellar cortex and medulla, and ascending pathways travelling through the medulla to the thalamus crainally

81
Q

What do the pons and medulla do together?

A

the regulate respiration depth and frequency

82
Q

How are the pons connected to the cerebellum?

A

surface fibers

83
Q

What is the myelencephalon?

A

consists of the medulla oblongata, which is a conduit for ascending and descending nerve fiber tracts that connect the spinal cord to the rest of the brain

84
Q

Why are the vital centers important in the medulla?

A

autonomic control of the heart and peripheral blood vessels, respiratory rate and depth and sneezing

85
Q

What is reticular formation?

A

connects various areas of the brain and processes a great deal of neuronal information.

86
Q

What does the ascending tract of the reticular formation determine?

A

consciousness. it is also termed the reticular activity system (RAS)

87
Q

What is the spinal cord?

A

continuation of the medulla caudally as it leaves the skull through a large opening termed the magnum foramen.

88
Q

What is the spinal cord protected by?

A

protected from damage by the bony vertebral column, the meninges, and CSF

89
Q

Where do afferent nerves enter the spinal cord?

A

they branch from the spinal cord into the dorsal root

90
Q

Where do efferent nerves leave the spinal cord?

A

they leave by the ventral root

91
Q

What happens when ventral and dorsal roots combine before leaving the vertebral column?

A

forms a peripheral spinal nerve

92
Q

Order from the outermost to the innermost

A

dura, arachnoid, and pia maters

93
Q

What else can the CSF provide?

A

nutrition and shock-absorbing protection

94
Q

What do ascending tracts convey?

A

sensory information from the body to the brain

95
Q

What do descending tracts convey?

A

they transmit efferent information from the brain to the target tissues

96
Q

What are the major ascending tracts to know?

A

spinocerebellar tract and the spinothalamic tracts

97
Q

What does the spinocerebellar tract do?

A

convey sensory, and proprioceptive information to the cerebellum

98
Q

What does the spinothalamic tracts do?

A

convey pain and temperature to the thalamus

99
Q

What are the major descending tracts to know?

A

corticospinal tract, and extrapyramidal tracts

100
Q

What is a reflex?

A

involuntary response to a stimulus (the spinal cord provides integrated functions independent of the brain to form reflex arcs)

101
Q

What is a monosynaptic reflex?

A

a reflex arc that has a minimum: a sensory receptor to detect a stimulus, a sensory neuron to transmit to the spinal cord, and a motor neuron

102
Q

What reflex is essential for maintaining proper posture?

A

the knee jerk reflex (patellar tendon below the knee)

103
Q

What type of reflex is the knee reflex?

A

ipsilateral reflex (same side reflex)

104
Q

What is a flexor reflex?

A

when there is a painful stimuli in the limbs (grabbing hot pan)

105
Q

What is a cross-extensor reflex arc?

A

crosses the midline of the body to mediate contraction of extensor muscles on the opposite limb to support the body’s weight (when something is pricked instead of hot)

106
Q

What type of reflex is a cross-extensor reflex arc?

A

polysynaptic, contralateral reflex arc

107
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

A

consists of nerves that connect to the CNS and all sensory receptors and effectors in the body. (axons grouped and bundled into nerves)

108
Q

Olfactory

A

sense of smell (sensory)

109
Q

Optic

A

vision (sensory)

110
Q

Oculomotor

A

eye movements

111
Q

Trochlear

A

eye movements (motor)

112
Q

Trigeminal

A

somatic sensation from the face, mouth, cornea, and chewing (both)

113
Q

Abducens

A

eye movements (motor)

114
Q

Facial

A

muscles for facial expression (both)

115
Q

Vestibulocochlear

A

hearing and sense of balance (sensory)

116
Q

Glossopharyngeal

A

sensation from the pharynx, taste sensation from the posterior of the tongue, carotid baroreceptors (both)

117
Q

Vagus

A

autonomic functions of the gut and thorax, sensation of the pharynx, muscle and vocal cords, swallowing reflex (both)

118
Q

Spinal Accessory

A

somatic innervation of the shoulder and neck muscles (motor)

118
Q

Hypoglossal

A

somatic innervation of the tongue (motor)

119
Q

Where do spinal nerves arise from?

A

directly from the spinal cord

120
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves do humans have?

A

13

121
Q

What is a plexus?

A

combination or network of nerves that supply a specific region of the body

122
Q

What are autonomic motor nerves?

A

innervate organs whose functions are NOT usually under voluntary control

123
Q

What effectors respond to autonomic motor nerves?

A

heart, smooth muscle, and glands

124
Q

What are the two major categories of motor neurons?

A

somatic and autonomic

125
Q

What are somatic motor neurons?

A

have their cell bodies within the CNS and send axons to skeletal muscles, which are usually under voluntary control

126
Q

What are autonomic motor neurons?

A

they involve two neurons in the efferent neurons.

127
Q

What are preganglionic autonomic fibers?

A

originate in the midbrain and hindbrain

128
Q

Where are autonomic ganglia located?

A

in the head, neck, abdomen

129
Q

What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

sympathetic and parasynpathetic

130
Q

Which ones consist of preganglionic neurons?

A

both

131
Q

What is the sympathetic division called?

A

thoracolumbar division.

132
Q

What is para-vertebral ganglia?

A

somatic motor fibers with postganglionic neurons within a double row of sympathetic ganglia

133
Q

What is it called when the ganglia rows are interconnected?

A

they form a sympathetic chain of ganglia

134
Q

Where are sympathetic axons distributed?

A

skeletal muscles and the skin in the body

135
Q

What do preganglionic fibers form?

A

splanchnic nerves

136
Q

What organs do the postganglionic fibers that arise from the collateral ganglia innervate?

A

digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems

137
Q

Where are adrenal glands located?

A

above each kidney

138
Q

How many parts is the adrenal gland composed of?

A

2: an outer cortex and inner medulla

139
Q

What does the adrenal cortex do?

A

secretes steriod hormones

140
Q

What does adrenal medulla do?

A

secretes epinephrine (adrenaline) and to a lesser degree norepinephrine

141
Q

What is the parasympathetic division?

A

known as the craniosacral divison

142
Q

Where do the preganglionic parasympathetic fibers synapse?

A

in the ganglia

143
Q

What is the major difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?

A

the sympathetic division, the ganglion cells are typically outside the target organs

144
Q

What is found in both systems?

A

cholinergic (producing acetyl choline) but the postganglionic fibers are different

145
Q

Which system is the “fight or flight”

A

sympathetic

146
Q

What prepares the body for intense physical activity in emergencies?

A

sympathetic

147
Q

What regulates heart, blood vessels and other organs

A

sympathetic

148
Q

What antagonized the sympathetic division?

A

parasympathetic

149
Q

What allows the body to “rest and digest” through the release of ACh

A

parasympathetic

150
Q

What slows heart rate and increases digestive activities?

A

parasympathetic

151
Q

What does adrenergic stimulation have?

A

both excitory and inhibitory effects

152
Q

What are the two major classes of receptor proteins?

A

alpha and beta-adrenergic receptors (each have subtypes)

153
Q

What does the stimulation of a1 adrenergic receptors cause?

A

contraction of smooth muscles

154
Q

Is acetyl choline a neurotransmitter?

A

Yes

154
Q

What happens to the stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors do?

A

promotes the relaxation of smooth muscles but increases the force of contraction of cardiac muscle and promotes an increase in heart rate

155
Q

What effect does ACh released by somatic motor neurons have?

A

they are always excitatory (can be inhibitory in parasympathetic division)

156
Q

What are the two main types of cholinergic receptors?

A

nicotinic and muscarinic

157
Q

Where are they located?

A

neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle fibers and in the autonomic ganglia

158
Q

What stimulates the ACh muscarinic receptors in the visceral organs?

A

muscarine and ACh

159
Q

What type of channels are the nicotinic ACh receptors?

A

ligand- gated ion channels

160
Q

Why are nicotinic ACh receptors always excitory?

A

they are depolarized

161
Q

What are muscarnic ACh receptors?

A

coupled to G-proteins, which can either close or open different membrane channels and activate different membrane enzymes (excitatory or inhibitory)

BIOM 3200 (5 decks)

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