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Z- AET 260 > Unit 8 - Circulatory Emergencies > Flashcards

Unit 8 - Circulatory Emergencies Flashcards

1
Q

What are cardiovascular diseases

A

diseases and injuries of the heart and blood vessels

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2
Q

stroke

A

form of CVD
- disruption of blood flow to to brain
- 1 person every 7 min die
- 10-15% survive; most happen outside hospital

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3
Q

controllable CVD factors

A

hypertension (high BP)
high cholesterol
diabetes
heart disease
over weight
alcohol, smoking
lack of exercise
stress

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4
Q

uncontrollable CVD factors

A

age
gender
family history
ethnicity
diabetes
history of stroke or TIA

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5
Q

cardiovascular disease

A

blockage of coronary artery depriving an area of myocardium of oxygenated blood, rich blood producing chest pain.

complete blockage lead to myocardial infarction (death of the heart/ heart attack) due to lack of O2 blood

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6
Q

hypertension

A
  • Known as “silent killer”
    high BP > blocked arteries > brain hemorrhage >
    stroke > brain damage
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7
Q

atherosclerosis

A

inner arterial linings are damaged as fatty substances, cholesterol, calcium, etc make plaque build up

  • Contributing factors:
    High BP, high levels of Cholesterol and triglycerides in blood, and smoking
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8
Q

angina

A

(angina pectoris)
1+ coronary artery blocked > not enough O2
blood in heart> chest pain

-PA, stress, hot/cold temps, alcohol/smoke, heavy meal
- not last >10 min if rest and take medication (nitroglycen) other wise it becomes an active MI
- can receive o2 after 10 mins

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9
Q

angina s/s

A
  • pain mid chest, jaw, arms (squeezing/suffocating/burning)
  • tight, pressure, squeezing in arms/chest
  • moderate to severe indigestive feelings
  • nausea, vomit
  • pale, cool, clammy
  • discomfort in neck and btwn scapula
  • numb in arms/wrist/shoulder/jaw (radiating)
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10
Q

angina treatment

A
  • comfortable position for patient
  • assist w medicine if syst > 100 mmHg (nitroglycerin) (3 in 10 min)
  • dose 2 also gets 1, 160 mg of aspirin or 1, 325mg of ASA
  • O2 w NRB (if MI, NRB if >95% saturation)
    -Monitor vitals, be ready to give A/R or CPR
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11
Q

myocardial infarction

A

MI / heart attack
- death of myocardial tissue when O2 supply shut off due to clot blocking coronary vessel

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12
Q

myocardial infarction s/s

A

Simular to Angina but won’t respond to meds.
- tired
- general malaise
- moist/sweaty & pale/blue skin
- pain to arm/shoulder/neck/jaw
- persistent chest pain (squeeze, pressure, tightness)
- GI discomfort
- difficult breathing
- flu like symptoms
- bend over or breathe deeper

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13
Q

myocardial infarction treatment

A
  • comfortable position for patient
  • assist w medicine if syst > 100 mmHg (nitroglycerin) (3 in 10 min)
  • dose 2 also gets 1 aspirin (vasodilator) if Nitroglycerin is n/a
  • O2 w NRB (if MI, NRB if >95% saturation)
  • quickly activate EMS
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14
Q

congestive heart failure (CHF)

A

-impaired cardiac pumping
- sudden onset, ineffective breathing, respiratory arrest
- due to MI, ischemic heart disease (no 02 to heart), cardiomyopathy (heart disorder)

  • LV fails, fluid backs up in circ syst > fluid build up in lungs (pulmonary edema) / body tissues
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15
Q

congestive heart failure s/s

A
  • SOB
  • increase HR, respiratory rate
  • cyanosis
  • cough up sputum (foamy, blood, tinged)
  • pale, cool, clammy
  • confused, panic, agitated, restless, disoriented
  • high blood pressure
  • wheezing
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16
Q

right sided heart failure

A

Due to:
- left side failure (CHF)
- pulmonary edema / MI / longstanding COPD

  • blood back up in veins cause swelling in body (peripheral edema)
  • swell in feet if sit/stand (most noticeable in lower limbs)
17
Q

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

A

(mini stroke)
- temporary interruption of blood flow to brain
- s/s similar to an ischemic stroke but come and go (for hours),
- increase risk for full stroke

18
Q

thrombotic stroke

A

brain deprived of blood due to blood clot (thrombus) and blocks flow into brain

19
Q

embolic stroke

A

area of brain deprived of blood due to fatty plaque/blood clot (embolism) that broke away from elsewhere in body to cause blockage

20
Q

hemorrhagic stroke

A

Areas of hemorrhage: Subarachnoid or intracerebral

  • Hemorrhage interrupts normal blood flow in brain -> “flooding” of the brain -> Death of brain cells

-20% of strokes

21
Q

ischemic stroke

A

a type of stroke that occurs when the flow of blood to the brain is blocked

  • 80% of strokes
22
Q

aneurysm

A

weakened area in blood vessel wall that fills w blood and bulges
- due to high BP or trauma > rupture > uncontrollable bleed enter brain

23
Q

arteriovenous malformation (AVM)

A

-genetic
- malformation of blood vessels that cause arterial walls to be weak and increase risk to hemorrhagic stroke

24
Q

stroke & TIA s/s

A
  • weakness
  • trouble speaking
  • confusion
  • decrease LOR
  • vision problems
  • headache
  • dizzy
25
Q

FAST

A

F = face (drooping)
A = arms (drop one arm when elevate both)
S = speech (slurred speech)
T = time (how long symptoms? hospital?)
- require immediate medical care w/in 3 hrs

26
Q

stroke & TIA treatment

A
  • Keep patient at rest in a position found or position of comfort
  • loosen tight clothing
  • treat for shock
  • GCS on worst side (side w effects)
  • treat same as heart attack w/o meds
  • oxygen via NRB
27
Q

cardiac arrest

A

heart stop beating or beats irregularly or too weak to circulate blood

Due to:
- stroke, brain damage
- CVD
- respiratory failure
- poison, electrocution, drown, suffocate
- certain drugs
- chest trauma
- severe blood loss

28
Q

clinical death

A

lack of heartbeat and respiration

29
Q

compression fraction and off-chest time

A

% of total CPR time which patient is receiving compressions

  • off chest time is the other time (AED analyze, breaths. etc)

-want CF to be the highest and reduce off-chest time

30
Q

When can you stop CPR

A
  • some one w equal or more training takes over
  • too tired to continue
  • scene is unsafe
  • pulse comes back (assess ABCs)
31
Q

CPR for pregnant women

A

put blanket/cushion under right hip to help blood flow return to heart

  • Do not interrupt or delay CPR to find an object
32
Q

automated external defibrillator

A

AED
- reads heart rythem and advises to deliver shock if needed
- success in more than 80% of time
- lose 10% success per minute delay
- right pad on chest and left pad on torso bones = cross over heart
- children get ant/post if adult sizes
- good CPR must precede &/or accompany use of AED

33
Q

asystole

A

the absence of a electrical activity; heart is not pumping and there is no pulse
- no shock advised

34
Q

ventricular fibrillation

A

v-fib
- chaotic discharge of electrical activity
- no pulse; deteriorate into asystole quickly
- AED will work; shock indicated

35
Q

ventricular tachycardia

A

v-tach
- heart rate so fast it is not detectable
- may have pulse present
- AED will work; shock indicated

36
Q

Pulseless Electrical Activity

A

aka electromechanical dissociation
- lack of palpable pulse but there is organized electrical activity
- no shock advised

37
Q

AED considerations

A
  • non-conductive surface
  • dry and shave and expose chest
  • scissors for bra
  • remove jewelry and medicine patches within 1” of pads
  • do not use in confined space
  • move off and turn off O2 when analyzing and administering shocks
  • Hypothermia, check pulse for 45s and deliver only 1 shock
  • Drowning only get 1 shock
  • wait 30-60 sec to shock if internal defib went off; place patches 1” away

Z- AET 260 (11 decks)

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