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Pathology Units 5-8 > Unit 8 > Flashcards

Unit 8 Flashcards

2
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cell. Produced in red blood marrow, some in lymph tissue. 5000 - 9000 cells. Functions: inflammation, immunity

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3
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red Blood cell. Produced in red bone marrow. 4,000,000 - 5,000,000 cells. Functions: carry oxygen to cells & tissues, and CO2 out of tissues

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4
Q

Thrombocytes

A

(platelets) Produced in red blood marrow. 150,000 - 450,000. Functions: blood clotting

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5
Q

Luekocytosis

A

increase in number of White Blood cells in blood. Most common is physiological infections. The more severe the higher the number of WBCs. Levels at 50,000 - 80,000 indicate cancer

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6
Q

Leukopenia

A

abnormal reduction in number of WBC in blood. Usually due to damage to bone marrow or lymphatic tissue; can be from radiation or chemical poisons

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7
Q

Hematopoietic Disorders

A

associated with formation of blood and blood components

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8
Q

Luekemia

A

Cancer of the WBC producing structures/organs. Results in the production of immature WBC. The #1 cause of cancer and cancer deaths in children

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9
Q

Luekemia - Granulocytic

A

Caused by exposure to radiation. Causes severe anemia and remission is common

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10
Q

Luekemia - Lymphocytic

A

Some cases are caused by viruses. Causes severe anemia, pnuemonia and infections. Remission is common, 80% survival rate

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11
Q

Luekemia - Monocytic

A

Can be caused by chemicals. Causes a high risk of severe infection. Remission is rare and has a higher death rate

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12
Q

Polycythemia vera

A

bone marrow making too many RBCs, causing thickening of blood; which can result in forming blood clots, enlarged spleen and febileness

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13
Q

Erythrocytosis

A

Increase in the number of RBC in blood. Rare, hereditary conditions. Causes Polycythemia Vera symptoms and extra strain on the heart. (leads to cyanosis on lips and fingers)

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14
Q

Erythrocytopenia

A

General term for decreased number of RBC in blood

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15
Q

Erythrocytopenia - Anemia

A

decrease in normal number of RBC or quality of hemoglobin in blood leading to decrease in oxygen delivery and loss of energy.

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16
Q

Primary Anemia

A

Chronic, hematological disease (concerned with blood or blood forming structures). Results in low hemoglobin levels

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17
Q

Secondary Anemia

A

Develops as a complication of another disease. (nonhematological) Helps provide a diagnostic clue to a chronic disease.

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18
Q

Increased Destruction Anemia

A

RBC’s are being destroyed

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19
Q

Decreased Production Anemia

A

Producting less RBCs than normal

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20
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia (Primary)

A

Increased Destruction Anemia where genetic mutation results in hemoglobin mis-shaping

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21
Q

Erythroblastosis Fetalis (primary)

A

Increased Destruction Anemia. Mother and baby have different blood types; a common condition. May form blood clots, due to RBCs being immatre and larger than normal

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22
Q

Hypersplenism (secondary)

A

Increased Destruction Anemia. Overactive spleen due to mononucleosis or liver cancer. May cause splenomegaly (large spleen)

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23
Q

Chlorosis

A

Decreased Production Anemia. Chemical poisoning(lead or mercury) that damages bone marrow

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24
Q

Aplastic Anemia

A

Decreased Production Anemia. Damage to bone marrow of unknown origin (idiopathic)

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25
Q

Pernicious Anemia

A

Decreased Production Anemia. vitamin B-12 deficiency caused by lack of intrinsic factors in stomach, common in women following childbirth or malnutrition disorder

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26
Q

Megaloblastic Anemia

A

Decreased Production Anemia. B-12 and Folic Acid deficiency caused by megaloblasts (large blood cells) Associated with Pernicious anemia

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27
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

decrease in number of platelets, due to damaged bone marrow. Results in decreased ability to clot or coagulate blood

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28
Q

Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura

A

Immune system destroys its own platelets. Causes spontaneous bleeding in subcutaneous tissues.

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29
Q

Hemophilia

A

Sex linked in males. Abnormal or absent clotting factor. Severe Hemophilia can cause hemarthrosis(bleeding into joints)

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30
Q

Dilatation

A

Thinning and stretching of myocardium fibers. Heart enlargens, strecthing chambers to affect the aortic supply. Tends to chronic

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31
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Enlargement of the heart ventricles by thickening the heart muscles to allow heart to pump faster. Resulting in Hypertensive Heart Disease

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32
Q

Pericarditis

A

Inflammation of the pericardium (outer lining). Scar tissue forms, resulting in pressure on the heart, making it beat more rapid causing heart failure

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33
Q

Myocarditis

A

Inflammation of the mycocardium (heart muscle), usually wall of left ventricle. Scar tissue usually caused by bacteria or viral infection. Results in chest pain and dizziness

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34
Q

Endocarditis

A

Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart, usually valves, most commonly mitral valve. Caused by bacteria and viruses in the blood.

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35
Q

Valvular insufficiency

A

Failure of the heart valve to close completely, allowing blood to regurgitate. Most common is valvular prolapse - abnormal enlarged and floppy valve.

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36
Q

Valvular Stenosis

A

Abnormal narrowing of a valve that restricts flow of blood.

37
Q

Rhuematic

A

Means ‘Autoimmune reaction’

38
Q

Rheumatic Fever

A

Condition of permanent damage to heart valves. Antibodies used to fight strep infection attach to heart causeing scar tissue, which can result in heart murmurs

39
Q

Coronary Artery Disease

A

blockage in coronary arteries that feed blood to heart. Deprives the heart muscle of oxygen. #1 cause of sudden death. Caused by atherosclerosis, thrombus and embolus. Results in ischemia and infarction

40
Q

Cardiac Failure

A

inability of heart to supply adequate blood flow and oxygen to peripheral tissues and organs. Can be acute or chronic

41
Q

Congestive Heart Failure

A

general weakening of the heart overtime, leading to heart failure. Chronic form of Cardiac failure. Heart cannot pump enough blood to body organs. Can cause chest pain

42
Q

Myocardial Infarction

A

area of necrotic tissue in the heart caused by obstruction in the artery supplying the area, due to coronary thrombosis

43
Q

Cardiomyopathy

A

Disease or disorder of the heart muscle(myocardium). Can be severly disabling or fatal. Can be caused by anything.

44
Q

Carditis

A

(AKA - Pancardidis) Inflammation of the entire heart and its surrounding

45
Q

Congenital Heart Defects

A

Failure to develop normal heart, usually caused by infections in utero. (rubella, syphilis, HIV)

46
Q

Tetralogy of Fallout

A

A congenital heart defect with 4 related defects. INTERVENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT - hole between the ventricles. AORTA SHIFTS TO THE RIGHT - results in narrowing of aorta. PULMONARY STENOSIS - narrowing of pulmonary artery. RIGHT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY - results from compensation of the first 3 abnormalities. Results in less oxygenated blood to the body

47
Q

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

A

Congenital Heart Defect where the Aorta and pulmonary artery are connected to each other

48
Q

Coarctation of the aorta

A

congenital heart defect whre contricted segments of the aorta, usually above the heart.

49
Q

Hypertension

A

High Blood Pressure.

50
Q

Optimal Blood Pressure

A

120/80 mmHg but normal is 130/85 mmHg

51
Q

Primary Hypertension

A

AKA - Essential Hypertension 90% of all cases with multiple causes. 140/90 mmHg Death is usually due to stroke, kidney failure, heart failure

52
Q

Secondary Hypertension

A

10% of all cases and has a definite cause. Acute and life threatening. 220/110 mmHg. Can cause congestive Heart Failure

53
Q

Arteritis

A

inflammation of medium and large arteries

54
Q

Endoarteritis

A

inflammation of lumen or inner wall of artery; caused by blood clots, emboli and arteriosclerosis

55
Q

Periarteritis

A

inflammation of outer wall of artery; caused by external trauma like scar tissue and hemorrhages

56
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

hardening and thickening, loss of elasticity and calcification of arterial walls

57
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Type of Artherosclerosis. Thickening of the inner lining (tunica intima) of the arterial walls

58
Q

Aneurysm

A

local dilation of the wall of blood vessel, primarily arteries. Location determines shape

59
Q

Aneurysm - Saccular

A

resembles small sack; artery, vein, or heart

60
Q

Aneurysm - Fusiform/spindle

A

resembles a swollen tube

61
Q

Aneurysm - Dissecting

A

blood flows between layers of vessel wall; most dangerous, likely to rupture because of pressure in the center of it

62
Q

Phlebitis

A

Inflammation of the veins. Causin mass swelling in the appendage

63
Q

Varicose Vein

A

Enlarged (dilated), tortuous blood vessel. More local (examples: hemrrhoids, scrotum and legs)

64
Q

Hemo

A

means ‘BLOOD’

65
Q

Hematemesis

A

A vomiting of blood

66
Q

Hematoma

A

A localized swelling filled with blood resulting from a break in a blood vessel.

67
Q

Hematuria

A

Blood in the urine

68
Q

Hemoptysis

A

Blood in sputum

69
Q

Hemorrhage

A

Excessive discharge of blood from the blood vessels; profuse bleeding.

70
Q

Hepatitis

A

Inflammation of the liver

71
Q

Hereditary

A

Transmitted or capable of being transmitted genetically from parent to offspring:

72
Q

Hernia

A

The protrusion of an organ or other bodily structure through the wall that normally contains it; a rupture.

73
Q

Heterotrophic Bacteria

A

bacteria that use organic (carbon-containing) compounds as a source of energy and carbon.

74
Q

Homeo

A

means “like or similar”

75
Q

Hydro

A

indicates water or liquid

76
Q

Hydrocele

A

A pathological accumulation of serous fluid in a bodily cavity, especially in the scrotal pouch.

77
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the ventricles of the brain because its normal outlet has been blocked by congenital malformation or disease.

78
Q

Hydronephrosis

A

An accumulation of urine in the pelvis of the kidney, occasioned by obstruction in the urinary passages.

79
Q

Hydropericardium

A

Accumulation of serous fluid in the pericardial sac.

80
Q

Hydrothorax

A

Collection of serous fluid in the pleural spaces.

81
Q

Hyper

A

means “more than”

82
Q

Hyperemia

A

An excess of blood within an organ or tissue caused by blood vessel dilation or impaired drainage, especially of the skin.

83
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in cell number causing an increase in the size of a tissue or organ.

84
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in cell size causing an increase in the size of a tissue or organ

85
Q

Hypo

A

means “less than”

86
Q

Hypoplasia

A

Failure of a tissue or organ to achieve complete development.

Pathology Units 5-8 (4 decks)

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