Unit 8 Flashcards
Leukocytes
White blood cell. Produced in red blood marrow, some in lymph tissue. 5000 - 9000 cells. Functions: inflammation, immunity
Erythrocytes
Red Blood cell. Produced in red bone marrow. 4,000,000 - 5,000,000 cells. Functions: carry oxygen to cells & tissues, and CO2 out of tissues
Thrombocytes
(platelets) Produced in red blood marrow. 150,000 - 450,000. Functions: blood clotting
Luekocytosis
increase in number of White Blood cells in blood. Most common is physiological infections. The more severe the higher the number of WBCs. Levels at 50,000 - 80,000 indicate cancer
Leukopenia
abnormal reduction in number of WBC in blood. Usually due to damage to bone marrow or lymphatic tissue; can be from radiation or chemical poisons
Hematopoietic Disorders
associated with formation of blood and blood components
Luekemia
Cancer of the WBC producing structures/organs. Results in the production of immature WBC. The #1 cause of cancer and cancer deaths in children
Luekemia - Granulocytic
Caused by exposure to radiation. Causes severe anemia and remission is common
Luekemia - Lymphocytic
Some cases are caused by viruses. Causes severe anemia, pnuemonia and infections. Remission is common, 80% survival rate
Luekemia - Monocytic
Can be caused by chemicals. Causes a high risk of severe infection. Remission is rare and has a higher death rate
Polycythemia vera
bone marrow making too many RBCs, causing thickening of blood; which can result in forming blood clots, enlarged spleen and febileness
Erythrocytosis
Increase in the number of RBC in blood. Rare, hereditary conditions. Causes Polycythemia Vera symptoms and extra strain on the heart. (leads to cyanosis on lips and fingers)
Erythrocytopenia
General term for decreased number of RBC in blood
Erythrocytopenia - Anemia
decrease in normal number of RBC or quality of hemoglobin in blood leading to decrease in oxygen delivery and loss of energy.
Primary Anemia
Chronic, hematological disease (concerned with blood or blood forming structures). Results in low hemoglobin levels
Secondary Anemia
Develops as a complication of another disease. (nonhematological) Helps provide a diagnostic clue to a chronic disease.
Increased Destruction Anemia
RBC’s are being destroyed
Decreased Production Anemia
Producting less RBCs than normal
Sickle Cell Anemia (Primary)
Increased Destruction Anemia where genetic mutation results in hemoglobin mis-shaping
Erythroblastosis Fetalis (primary)
Increased Destruction Anemia. Mother and baby have different blood types; a common condition. May form blood clots, due to RBCs being immatre and larger than normal
Hypersplenism (secondary)
Increased Destruction Anemia. Overactive spleen due to mononucleosis or liver cancer. May cause splenomegaly (large spleen)
Chlorosis
Decreased Production Anemia. Chemical poisoning(lead or mercury) that damages bone marrow
Aplastic Anemia
Decreased Production Anemia. Damage to bone marrow of unknown origin (idiopathic)
Pernicious Anemia
Decreased Production Anemia. vitamin B-12 deficiency caused by lack of intrinsic factors in stomach, common in women following childbirth or malnutrition disorder
Megaloblastic Anemia
Decreased Production Anemia. B-12 and Folic Acid deficiency caused by megaloblasts (large blood cells) Associated with Pernicious anemia
Thrombocytopenia
decrease in number of platelets, due to damaged bone marrow. Results in decreased ability to clot or coagulate blood
Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Immune system destroys its own platelets. Causes spontaneous bleeding in subcutaneous tissues.
Hemophilia
Sex linked in males. Abnormal or absent clotting factor. Severe Hemophilia can cause hemarthrosis(bleeding into joints)
Dilatation
Thinning and stretching of myocardium fibers. Heart enlargens, strecthing chambers to affect the aortic supply. Tends to chronic
Hypertrophy
Enlargement of the heart ventricles by thickening the heart muscles to allow heart to pump faster. Resulting in Hypertensive Heart Disease
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the pericardium (outer lining). Scar tissue forms, resulting in pressure on the heart, making it beat more rapid causing heart failure
Myocarditis
Inflammation of the mycocardium (heart muscle), usually wall of left ventricle. Scar tissue usually caused by bacteria or viral infection. Results in chest pain and dizziness
Endocarditis
Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart, usually valves, most commonly mitral valve. Caused by bacteria and viruses in the blood.
Valvular insufficiency
Failure of the heart valve to close completely, allowing blood to regurgitate. Most common is valvular prolapse - abnormal enlarged and floppy valve.
Valvular Stenosis
Abnormal narrowing of a valve that restricts flow of blood.
Rhuematic
Means ‘Autoimmune reaction’
Rheumatic Fever
Condition of permanent damage to heart valves. Antibodies used to fight strep infection attach to heart causeing scar tissue, which can result in heart murmurs
Coronary Artery Disease
blockage in coronary arteries that feed blood to heart. Deprives the heart muscle of oxygen. #1 cause of sudden death. Caused by atherosclerosis, thrombus and embolus. Results in ischemia and infarction
Cardiac Failure
inability of heart to supply adequate blood flow and oxygen to peripheral tissues and organs. Can be acute or chronic
Congestive Heart Failure
general weakening of the heart overtime, leading to heart failure. Chronic form of Cardiac failure. Heart cannot pump enough blood to body organs. Can cause chest pain
Myocardial Infarction
area of necrotic tissue in the heart caused by obstruction in the artery supplying the area, due to coronary thrombosis
Cardiomyopathy
Disease or disorder of the heart muscle(myocardium). Can be severly disabling or fatal. Can be caused by anything.
Carditis
(AKA - Pancardidis) Inflammation of the entire heart and its surrounding
Congenital Heart Defects
Failure to develop normal heart, usually caused by infections in utero. (rubella, syphilis, HIV)
Tetralogy of Fallout
A congenital heart defect with 4 related defects. INTERVENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT - hole between the ventricles. AORTA SHIFTS TO THE RIGHT - results in narrowing of aorta. PULMONARY STENOSIS - narrowing of pulmonary artery. RIGHT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY - results from compensation of the first 3 abnormalities. Results in less oxygenated blood to the body
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Congenital Heart Defect where the Aorta and pulmonary artery are connected to each other
Coarctation of the aorta
congenital heart defect whre contricted segments of the aorta, usually above the heart.
Hypertension
High Blood Pressure.
Optimal Blood Pressure
120/80 mmHg but normal is 130/85 mmHg
Primary Hypertension
AKA - Essential Hypertension 90% of all cases with multiple causes. 140/90 mmHg Death is usually due to stroke, kidney failure, heart failure
Secondary Hypertension
10% of all cases and has a definite cause. Acute and life threatening. 220/110 mmHg. Can cause congestive Heart Failure
Arteritis
inflammation of medium and large arteries
Endoarteritis
inflammation of lumen or inner wall of artery; caused by blood clots, emboli and arteriosclerosis
Periarteritis
inflammation of outer wall of artery; caused by external trauma like scar tissue and hemorrhages
Arteriosclerosis
hardening and thickening, loss of elasticity and calcification of arterial walls
Atherosclerosis
Type of Artherosclerosis. Thickening of the inner lining (tunica intima) of the arterial walls
Aneurysm
local dilation of the wall of blood vessel, primarily arteries. Location determines shape
Aneurysm - Saccular
resembles small sack; artery, vein, or heart
Aneurysm - Fusiform/spindle
resembles a swollen tube
Aneurysm - Dissecting
blood flows between layers of vessel wall; most dangerous, likely to rupture because of pressure in the center of it
Phlebitis
Inflammation of the veins. Causin mass swelling in the appendage
Varicose Vein
Enlarged (dilated), tortuous blood vessel. More local (examples: hemrrhoids, scrotum and legs)
Hemo
means ‘BLOOD’
Hematemesis
A vomiting of blood
Hematoma
A localized swelling filled with blood resulting from a break in a blood vessel.
Hematuria
Blood in the urine
Hemoptysis
Blood in sputum
Hemorrhage
Excessive discharge of blood from the blood vessels; profuse bleeding.
Hepatitis
Inflammation of the liver
Hereditary
Transmitted or capable of being transmitted genetically from parent to offspring:
Hernia
The protrusion of an organ or other bodily structure through the wall that normally contains it; a rupture.
Heterotrophic Bacteria
bacteria that use organic (carbon-containing) compounds as a source of energy and carbon.
Homeo
means “like or similar”
Hydro
indicates water or liquid
Hydrocele
A pathological accumulation of serous fluid in a bodily cavity, especially in the scrotal pouch.
Hydrocephalus
accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the ventricles of the brain because its normal outlet has been blocked by congenital malformation or disease.
Hydronephrosis
An accumulation of urine in the pelvis of the kidney, occasioned by obstruction in the urinary passages.
Hydropericardium
Accumulation of serous fluid in the pericardial sac.
Hydrothorax
Collection of serous fluid in the pleural spaces.
Hyper
means “more than”
Hyperemia
An excess of blood within an organ or tissue caused by blood vessel dilation or impaired drainage, especially of the skin.
Hyperplasia
Increase in cell number causing an increase in the size of a tissue or organ.
Hypertrophy
Increase in cell size causing an increase in the size of a tissue or organ
Hypo
means “less than”
Hypoplasia
Failure of a tissue or organ to achieve complete development.
