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Pathology Units 5-8 > Unit 7 > Flashcards

Unit 7 Flashcards

2
Q

Cellular Alterations

A

Permanent cellular changes triggered by adverse condition. Both non-neoplastic changes and neoplastic changes

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3
Q

Examples of Non-neoplastic Changes

A

Atrophy; Hypertrophy; hyperplasia; dysplasia (follows hyperplasia, altered size, shape and organization of cells); metaplasia (cell changes to anothercell type)

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4
Q

Neoplasm (tumor)

A

development of new type is cell with uncontrolled growth. Caused by genetic mutation due to exposure to carcinogen

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5
Q

Carcinogens : Genetic predisposition

A

colon, breast, prostate cancer

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6
Q

Carcinogens : Microbial carcinogen

A

Fungal toxins (on grains, nuts, peanut butter) Viruses (HPV, Hep B)

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7
Q

Carcinogens: Radioactive factors

A

UV rays; x-rays; alpha, beta, gamma rays

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8
Q

Carcinogens : Chemical carcinogen

A

asbestos, nickel, arsenic, formaldehyde, vinyl chloride (PVC)

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9
Q

Carcinogens : Hormones

A

estrogen and/or progesterone; testosterone

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10
Q

Carcinogens : Animal Carcinogen

A

Acrylamide (generated in fried or overheated carbohydrate food); residue on barbecued meats

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11
Q

Carcinogens : Personal risk behavior

A

Smoking & tobacco; diet; alcohol use; sexual behavior

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12
Q

Benign

A

Generally not terminal

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13
Q

Malignant

A

Life threatening tumors

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14
Q

Benign Neoplasm Characteristics

A

grow by expansion; resemble tissue of origin; encapsulated; does not metastasize; generally does not return after surgical removal; does not cause extensive tissue damage; does not cause whole body changes amd generally not fatal

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15
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

group of closely packed cells that cover surfaces, line body cavitites, form secretory parts of glands

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16
Q

Benign Epithelial Tissue : Adenoma

A

Glandular epithelium benign neoplasm

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17
Q

Benign Epithelial Tissue : Papilloma

A

tumor of skin or mucous membrane; warts, polyps

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18
Q

Benign Epithelial Tissue : Nevus

A

circumscribed vascular tumor of the skin due to hyperplasia of blood vessels, example : angioma, birthmarks

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19
Q

Benign Epithelial Tissue : Polyp

A

growth or mass of tissue that protrudes from a mucous membrane. Examples: nose, uterus, rectum, vocal cords

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20
Q

Benign Epithelial Tissue : Consequences

A

Cause blockages when growing in passageways; when growing in enclosed area may press on normal tissue –>tissue death –>potential death of the individual

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21
Q

Benign Neoplasm : Connective Tissue

A

innervated, vascular tissue that connect, supposrt, protect, transport, and insulate

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22
Q

Benign Connective Tissue : Osteoma

A

bone tumor

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23
Q

Benign Connective Tissue : Chondroma

A

cartilage tumor; painless, slow growing, solid tumor that distorts shape in tissue..resembles cauliflower ear

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24
Q

Benign Connective Tissue : Lipoma

A

adipose tissue tumor (skin tag)

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25
Q

Benign Connective Tissue : Angioma

A

blood vessel or lymph vessel tumor

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26
Q

Benign Connective Tissue : Hemangioma

A

benign blood vascular tissue

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27
Q

Benign Connective Tissue : Hematoma

A

tumor-like smelling filled with blood

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28
Q

Benign Connective Tissue : Fibroma

A

fibrous, encapsulates tissue; irregular in shape, firm consistency. Examples: jaws, pelvis, vertebrae

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29
Q

Benign Connective Tissue : Mastoid Osteoma

A

grows from mastoid process preoducing an external swelling

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30
Q

Connective Tissue : Lipoblastoma

A

Uncommon, usually recurrent benign tumor of embryonic adipose tissue that occurs predominantly in children; on the extremities, neck

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31
Q

Myoma

A

benign muscle tissue

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32
Q

Benign Muscle Tissue : Rhabdomyoma

A

striated (skeletal & cardiac) muscle tissue tumor; usually infants & young children, heart disorders

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33
Q

Benign Muscle Tissue : Leiomyoma

A

smooth muscle tissue tumor

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34
Q

Benign Nervous Tissue : Nueroma

A

tumor composed of nerve cells

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35
Q

Malignant Neoplasm (cancer) characteristics

A

grow by infiltration, metastasize creating secondary foci (locations); can reoccur when surgically removed;cause extensive tissue damage; cause total body changes, tumors do not resemble tissue surrounding it; lethal unless treated (most common cancers: lung, breast and colon)

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36
Q

Malignant Neoplasm : Epithelioma

A

(Carcinoma) malignant growth / tumor arising from epithelium

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37
Q

Epithelioma : Melanoma

A

pigmented mole or tumor; arise from pigment producing cells. Least common but most serious form of skin cancer

38
Q

Epithelioma : Squamous Cell Carcinoma

A

tumore of epidermal (skin) squamous cells

39
Q

Epithelioma : Basal Cell Carcinoma

A

tumor of the basal cells of epidermis (skin)

40
Q

Epithelioma : Adenocarcinoma

A

arising from glandular (gland) organ

41
Q

Epithelioma : Transitional Cell Carcinoma

A

tumor of the urinary bladder, urethra or renal pelvis (kidney)

42
Q

Malignant Neoplasm : Sarcoma

A

tumor arising from CT

43
Q

Sarcoma : Osteosarcoma

A

bone tumor

44
Q

Sarcoma : Chondrosarcoma

A

cartilage tumor

45
Q

Sarcoma : Liposarcoma

A

adiopose tissue tumore

46
Q

Sarcoma : Angiosarcoma

A

Tumor of vascular (forming vessels) endothelial cells

47
Q

Sarcoma : Fibrosarcoma

A

Tumor of fibrous tissue

48
Q

Sarcoma : Lymphoma

A

Tumor of lymphatic system that arise in the lymph nodes or in other lymphoid tissue

49
Q

Sarcoma : Leukemia

A

Tumor of blood forming structures/organs

50
Q

Malignant Muscle Tissue : Rhabdomyosarcoma

A

tumor of striated muscle types

51
Q

Malignant Muscle Tissue : Leiomyosarcoma

A

tumor of smooth muscle tissue

52
Q

Malignant Nervous Tissue : Glioma

A

Tumor of neuroglail cells (nerve tissue)

53
Q

Sites for Metastasis - Breast Cancer

A

Axillary lymph nodes, lung, liver, bone and brain

54
Q

Sites for metastasis - Colorectal

A

Liver, Lung, Peritoneum

55
Q

Sites for metastasis - Lung

A

Liver, brain, bone

56
Q

Sites for metastasis - Ovarian

A

Peritoneum, diaphragm, liver, lungs

57
Q

Sites for metastasis - Prostate

A

Bone

58
Q

Sites for metastasis - Testicular

A

Lungs, liver

59
Q

Cysts

A

abnormal closed sac-like structures that contain a liquid, gaseous, or semisolid substance. (Benign)

60
Q

Baker Cyst

A

cyst found behind the knee (popliteal)

61
Q

Ganglion Cyst

A

Joints and tendons

62
Q

Chalazion Cyst

A

Cysts of the glands within the eyelid

63
Q

Physiological Ovarian Cyst

A

Forming on normally functioning ovaries, most common, may become very large. Grapefruit Size

64
Q

Neoplastic Ovarian Cyst

A

abnormal type not related to function.

65
Q

Ovarian Cyst Symptoms

A

Low back pain; pelvic pain; Dyspareunia (pain during sexual intercourse)

66
Q

Sebaceous Cyst

A

Produced by blocked sebum under the skin. Cannot form on the palms and soles.

67
Q

Exudate

A

a fluid with a high content of protein and cellular debris which has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation.

68
Q

Facultative Aerobe

A

An anaerobic microorganism which can grow under aerobic conditions.

69
Q

Facultative Anaerobe

A

An aerobic microorganism which can grow under anaerobic conditions.

70
Q

Facultative Bacteria

A

facultative bacteria can live under aerobic, anoxic, or anaerobic conditions.

71
Q

Facultative Saprophyte

A

an organism that is usually parasitic but may live as a saprophyte having the ability to be a parasite.

72
Q

Febrile

A

Fever

73
Q

Fibroma

A

a tumor composed mainly of fibrous or fully developed connective tissue.

74
Q

Focal Infection

A

A bacterial infection localized in a specific part of the body, such as the tonsils, that may spread to another part of the body

75
Q

Fomite

A

An inanimate object or substance, such as clothing, furniture, or soap, that is capable of transmitting infectious organisms from one individual to another.

76
Q

Fulminating

A

rapid, sudden, and severe, such as an infection, fever, or hemorrhage.

77
Q

Functional

A

Affecting the physiological function but not the structure.

78
Q

Fungus

A

Any of numerous eukaryotic organisms that reproduce by spores.

79
Q

Fungicide

A

Kills fungal spores

80
Q

Furuncle

A

A boil

81
Q

Gangrene

A

the decay or death of an organ or tissue caused by a lack of blood supply.

82
Q

Gastritis

A

inflammation of the lining of the stomach

83
Q

Glomerulonephritis

A

an inflammatory disease of both kidneys predominantly affecting children from ages two to 12

84
Q

General Infection

A

invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, as in an infectious disease

85
Q

General Pathology

A

the branch of medicine dealing with the essential nature of disease, especially changes in body tissues and organs that cause or are caused by disease.

86
Q

Genesis

A

“The origin”

87
Q

Germicide

A

An agent that kills germs, especially pathogenic microorganisms; a disinfectant.

88
Q

Goiter

A

Goiter refers to any visible enlargement of the thyroid gland.

89
Q

Gross Pathology

A

refers to macroscopic manifestations of disease in organs, tissues, and body cavities.

Pathology Units 5-8 (4 decks)

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