Unit 7 Flashcards
Cellular Alterations
Permanent cellular changes triggered by adverse condition. Both non-neoplastic changes and neoplastic changes
Examples of Non-neoplastic Changes
Atrophy; Hypertrophy; hyperplasia; dysplasia (follows hyperplasia, altered size, shape and organization of cells); metaplasia (cell changes to anothercell type)
Neoplasm (tumor)
development of new type is cell with uncontrolled growth. Caused by genetic mutation due to exposure to carcinogen
Carcinogens : Genetic predisposition
colon, breast, prostate cancer
Carcinogens : Microbial carcinogen
Fungal toxins (on grains, nuts, peanut butter) Viruses (HPV, Hep B)
Carcinogens: Radioactive factors
UV rays; x-rays; alpha, beta, gamma rays
Carcinogens : Chemical carcinogen
asbestos, nickel, arsenic, formaldehyde, vinyl chloride (PVC)
Carcinogens : Hormones
estrogen and/or progesterone; testosterone
Carcinogens : Animal Carcinogen
Acrylamide (generated in fried or overheated carbohydrate food); residue on barbecued meats
Carcinogens : Personal risk behavior
Smoking & tobacco; diet; alcohol use; sexual behavior
Benign
Generally not terminal
Malignant
Life threatening tumors
Benign Neoplasm Characteristics
grow by expansion; resemble tissue of origin; encapsulated; does not metastasize; generally does not return after surgical removal; does not cause extensive tissue damage; does not cause whole body changes amd generally not fatal
Epithelial Tissue
group of closely packed cells that cover surfaces, line body cavitites, form secretory parts of glands
Benign Epithelial Tissue : Adenoma
Glandular epithelium benign neoplasm
Benign Epithelial Tissue : Papilloma
tumor of skin or mucous membrane; warts, polyps
Benign Epithelial Tissue : Nevus
circumscribed vascular tumor of the skin due to hyperplasia of blood vessels, example : angioma, birthmarks
Benign Epithelial Tissue : Polyp
growth or mass of tissue that protrudes from a mucous membrane. Examples: nose, uterus, rectum, vocal cords
Benign Epithelial Tissue : Consequences
Cause blockages when growing in passageways; when growing in enclosed area may press on normal tissue –>tissue death –>potential death of the individual
Benign Neoplasm : Connective Tissue
innervated, vascular tissue that connect, supposrt, protect, transport, and insulate
Benign Connective Tissue : Osteoma
bone tumor
Benign Connective Tissue : Chondroma
cartilage tumor; painless, slow growing, solid tumor that distorts shape in tissue..resembles cauliflower ear
Benign Connective Tissue : Lipoma
adipose tissue tumor (skin tag)
Benign Connective Tissue : Angioma
blood vessel or lymph vessel tumor
Benign Connective Tissue : Hemangioma
benign blood vascular tissue
Benign Connective Tissue : Hematoma
tumor-like smelling filled with blood
Benign Connective Tissue : Fibroma
fibrous, encapsulates tissue; irregular in shape, firm consistency. Examples: jaws, pelvis, vertebrae
Benign Connective Tissue : Mastoid Osteoma
grows from mastoid process preoducing an external swelling
Connective Tissue : Lipoblastoma
Uncommon, usually recurrent benign tumor of embryonic adipose tissue that occurs predominantly in children; on the extremities, neck
Myoma
benign muscle tissue
Benign Muscle Tissue : Rhabdomyoma
striated (skeletal & cardiac) muscle tissue tumor; usually infants & young children, heart disorders
Benign Muscle Tissue : Leiomyoma
smooth muscle tissue tumor
Benign Nervous Tissue : Nueroma
tumor composed of nerve cells
Malignant Neoplasm (cancer) characteristics
grow by infiltration, metastasize creating secondary foci (locations); can reoccur when surgically removed;cause extensive tissue damage; cause total body changes, tumors do not resemble tissue surrounding it; lethal unless treated (most common cancers: lung, breast and colon)
Malignant Neoplasm : Epithelioma
(Carcinoma) malignant growth / tumor arising from epithelium
Epithelioma : Melanoma
pigmented mole or tumor; arise from pigment producing cells. Least common but most serious form of skin cancer
Epithelioma : Squamous Cell Carcinoma
tumore of epidermal (skin) squamous cells
Epithelioma : Basal Cell Carcinoma
tumor of the basal cells of epidermis (skin)
Epithelioma : Adenocarcinoma
arising from glandular (gland) organ
Epithelioma : Transitional Cell Carcinoma
tumor of the urinary bladder, urethra or renal pelvis (kidney)
Malignant Neoplasm : Sarcoma
tumor arising from CT
Sarcoma : Osteosarcoma
bone tumor
Sarcoma : Chondrosarcoma
cartilage tumor
Sarcoma : Liposarcoma
adiopose tissue tumore
Sarcoma : Angiosarcoma
Tumor of vascular (forming vessels) endothelial cells
Sarcoma : Fibrosarcoma
Tumor of fibrous tissue
Sarcoma : Lymphoma
Tumor of lymphatic system that arise in the lymph nodes or in other lymphoid tissue
Sarcoma : Leukemia
Tumor of blood forming structures/organs
Malignant Muscle Tissue : Rhabdomyosarcoma
tumor of striated muscle types
Malignant Muscle Tissue : Leiomyosarcoma
tumor of smooth muscle tissue
Malignant Nervous Tissue : Glioma
Tumor of neuroglail cells (nerve tissue)
Sites for Metastasis - Breast Cancer
Axillary lymph nodes, lung, liver, bone and brain
Sites for metastasis - Colorectal
Liver, Lung, Peritoneum
Sites for metastasis - Lung
Liver, brain, bone
Sites for metastasis - Ovarian
Peritoneum, diaphragm, liver, lungs
Sites for metastasis - Prostate
Bone
Sites for metastasis - Testicular
Lungs, liver
Cysts
abnormal closed sac-like structures that contain a liquid, gaseous, or semisolid substance. (Benign)
Baker Cyst
cyst found behind the knee (popliteal)
Ganglion Cyst
Joints and tendons
Chalazion Cyst
Cysts of the glands within the eyelid
Physiological Ovarian Cyst
Forming on normally functioning ovaries, most common, may become very large. Grapefruit Size
Neoplastic Ovarian Cyst
abnormal type not related to function.
Ovarian Cyst Symptoms
Low back pain; pelvic pain; Dyspareunia (pain during sexual intercourse)
Sebaceous Cyst
Produced by blocked sebum under the skin. Cannot form on the palms and soles.
Exudate
a fluid with a high content of protein and cellular debris which has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation.
Facultative Aerobe
An anaerobic microorganism which can grow under aerobic conditions.
Facultative Anaerobe
An aerobic microorganism which can grow under anaerobic conditions.
Facultative Bacteria
facultative bacteria can live under aerobic, anoxic, or anaerobic conditions.
Facultative Saprophyte
an organism that is usually parasitic but may live as a saprophyte having the ability to be a parasite.
Febrile
Fever
Fibroma
a tumor composed mainly of fibrous or fully developed connective tissue.
Focal Infection
A bacterial infection localized in a specific part of the body, such as the tonsils, that may spread to another part of the body
Fomite
An inanimate object or substance, such as clothing, furniture, or soap, that is capable of transmitting infectious organisms from one individual to another.
Fulminating
rapid, sudden, and severe, such as an infection, fever, or hemorrhage.
Functional
Affecting the physiological function but not the structure.
Fungus
Any of numerous eukaryotic organisms that reproduce by spores.
Fungicide
Kills fungal spores
Furuncle
A boil
Gangrene
the decay or death of an organ or tissue caused by a lack of blood supply.
Gastritis
inflammation of the lining of the stomach
Glomerulonephritis
an inflammatory disease of both kidneys predominantly affecting children from ages two to 12
General Infection
invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, as in an infectious disease
General Pathology
the branch of medicine dealing with the essential nature of disease, especially changes in body tissues and organs that cause or are caused by disease.
Genesis
“The origin”
Germicide
An agent that kills germs, especially pathogenic microorganisms; a disinfectant.
Goiter
Goiter refers to any visible enlargement of the thyroid gland.
Gross Pathology
refers to macroscopic manifestations of disease in organs, tissues, and body cavities.
