Unit 6 Flashcards
Pulmonary Circulation
to and from the capillaries of the lungs. Brings deoxygenized blood to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood to the heart
Systemic Circulation
To and from the capilaries of the tissues of the body. Brings oxygenated blood to the tissues and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart
What is Edema
(AKA - Dropsy) A shift of fluids from vascular space into another compartment that results in abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissues or body cavities.
What is Anasarca
Severe, generalized edema of subcutaneous tissue, accumulation of serous fluid in body cavities
What is Ascites
Form of anasarca where fluid is in the abdominal (peritoneal) cavity
What is Hydrothorax
Form of anasarca where fluid is in the thoracic (pleural) cavity
What is Hydropericardium
A form of anasarca where fluid is around the heart
What is Hydrocele
A form of anasarca where edema is in the scrotum
What is Hyperemia
A PHYSIOLOGIC active process of engorgement with bright red, oxygenated blood recruited by signals from affected site. Examples: Inflammation (sun burn) or exercise increasing metabolic activity
What is Congestion (passive hyperemia)
A PATHOLOGICAL process of tissue engorgement with bluish, poorly oxygenated blood. Example: thrombosis, embolism
What is Ischemia
reduction in arterial blood supply (oxygen & nutrients) to a tissue or body part
Causes of Ischemia
Aterial Obstruction; Venous Obstruction; Vasoconstriction; external pressure; heart failure
Effects of Ischemia
Accumulation of metabolic wastes; pain;atrophy; tissue damage (Infarction)
What is an Infarction
necrosis of tissue due to interference in blood supply to that tissue, usually follows ischemia. Usually affects - spleen, kidneys, lung, brain and heart
Sclerosis
it means “hardening”
What is Arteriosclerosis
Thickening, hardening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls partly due to deposition of calcium
What is Atherosclerosis
Hardening of arteries due to build upof waxy plaque inside of blood vessels
Thrombosis
An ATTACHED solid mass or blood clot made up of blood cells. (sickle cell is an example)
Types of Thrombosis
Partial - obstruction of a blood vessel; thrombus can be dislodged Obstruction - Total or complete blockage of a blood vessel, with ischemia & infarction Septic - infected, verydangerous Aseptic - Not infected
Thrombi: Tiny -vs- Large
Tiny Thrombi can resolve on their own. Large Thrombi may grow by becoming surrounded by fibrous tissue. Some Thrombi break off and become emboli
Thrombosis : Resolution
Thrombi dissolve without further damage (small Thrombi)
Thrombosis : Calcification
Mineral salts accumulate around thrombus, may became obstructive
Thrombosis : Fragmentation
pieces of thrombus dislodge and move through the bloodstream
Thrombosis : Septic Softening
septic (infected) thrombus; fragments move through bloodstream –> spread infection & may block small blood vessels
Thrombosis : Canalization
New blood capillaries form around to bypass the thrombus
Thrombosis : Consequences
Ischemia - reduction in arterial blood supply Passive Hyperemia - abnormal venous drainage Gangrene - death of tissue with loss of vascular supply, may be followed by bacterial infection Infarction - tisue necrosis due to obstruction in arterial blood supplying the area Bacteremia - presence of bacteria in blood from a septic thrombus
What is an Embolism
Caused by formation of solid or gaseous object floating free (embolus) in the bloodstream.
Embolism : Consequences
Ischemia; infarction; gangrene; spread of infection; spread of tumor cells; necrosis
Hemorrhage
Loss of blood from the vascular system. Caused by trauma, vascular diseases, blood diseases
Hemorrhage : Petechia
Small tissue damage, visible as purplish hemorrhages of the skin (example: thrombocytopenia - low platelet count)
Hemorrhage : Ecchymosis
Larger tissue damage in mucous membrane or skin (examples: acute remal failure, cirrhosis)
Hemorrhage : Hematoma
Large collection of blood (tumor like swelling); usually due to trauma
Hemorrhage : Epistaxis
Bleeding from the nose
Hemorrhage : Hemoptysis
blood in sputum
Hemorrhage : Hematemesis
vomiting of blood
Hemorrhage : Hemopericardium
blood in pericardial cavity
Hemorrhage : Hemothorax
blood in the thoracic Cavity
Hemorrhage : Hemoperitoneum
blood in the abdominal cavity
Hemorrhage : Melena
blood in the stool
Hemorrhage : Hematuria
red blood cells in urine
Hemorrhage : Exsanguination
loss of blood to the point where life can no longer be sustained
Shock
Condition in which the circulatory system is unable to provide adequate blood supply to the body tissues, due to low blood flow through blood vessels, reduced cardia output or low blood volume. (AKA - Circulatory Collapse)
Shock : Cardiogenic Shock (heart failure)
caused by myocardial infarction or other myocardial disease
Shock : Hypovolemic Shock (low volume)
underfilled blood vessels, usually due to hemorrhage, burns, severe diarrhea or vasodilation (from severe allergic reaction)
Shock : Septic Shock (infection)
from systemic bacterial infection (sepsis) by organisms that release bacterial endotoxins
Gangrene
Necrosis (death) of tissue, usually resulting from deficient or absent blood supply
Dry (ischemic Necrosis) Gangrene
gangrene caused by arterial obstruction
Moist (wet) Gangrene
gangrene caused by impaired venous drainage
Gas Gangrene
caused by bacterium Clostridium perfringens
Dehydration
Decrease in total volume of body fluids
Plethora
increase in whole body blood volume. Caused by excess blood from transfusion, overactive bone marrow
Diminished Circulation
May lead to syncope (cessation of circulation)
Abscess
Localized accumulation of pus
Emaciation
excessive body wasting, usually caused by disease or a lack of nutrition
En
mean in or on
Encephalitis
inflammation of the brain, usually caused by a direct viral infection or a hyper-sensitivity reaction to a virus or foreign protein.
Endemic
Prevalent in or restricted to a particular region, community, or group of people.
Endo
Inside, within
Endocarditis
When the endocardium becomes damaged, bacteria from the blood stream can become lodged on the heart valves or heart lining.
Endocervicitis
Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the uterine cervix
Endometriosis
a condition in which bits of the tissue similar to the lining of the uterus (endometrium) grow in other parts of the body
Endogenous Infection
An infection caused by an infectious agent that is already present in the body, but has previously been inapparent or dormant.
Endospores
a thick-walled body formed within the vegetative cells of certain bacteria (e.g., Bacillus, Clostridium, Sarcina) that can withstand adverse environmental conditions for prolonged periods; under favorable conditions it will germinate to form a vegetative bacterium.
Endotoxin
A toxin that forms an integral part from WITHIN the cell wall of certain bacteria and is only released upon destruction of the bacterial cell
Enteritis
inflammation of the intestine, especially of the small intestine.
Entero
Intestines
Epi
on, upon, above
Epidermic
Outer layer if the skin
Epilepsy
a disorder of the central nervous system characterized by periodic loss of consciousness with or without convulsions. In some cases it is due to brain damage but in others the cause is unknown
Esophagitis
inflammation of the esophagus; often caused by gastroesophageal reflux
Esthesia
mental responsiveness and awareness
Etiology
The science and study of the causes or origins of disease.
Ex
Outside; out of; away from
Exacerbation
An increase in the severity of a disease or in any of its signs or symptoms.
Exogenous Infection
an infection that develops from bacteria normally outside the body that have gained access to the body.
Exotoxin
a potent toxin formed and excreted by the bacterial cell, and free in the surrounding medium
thrombocytopenia
low platelet count
