Unit 5 Flashcards
What is Inflamation
cellular, tissue or vascular reaction to irritation, infection, or injury
What is Phlegmon
inflammation of connective tissues
Inflamations Functions:
-protective defense mechanism -isolates & destroys the invader -cleans up the debris to promote healing -DOES NOT include REPAIR
Inflammation: Etiology
-physical irritants – trauma, burns, radiation -chemical irritants – e.g., irritating gases -infectious agents – viruses, bacteria -immunological reactions (autoimmune disease) – e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematosus
What is the Inflammatory Process
Tissue injury triggers the following events: - tissue mast cells (white blood cells) release histamine –> vasodilation (increased diameter of blood vessel capillaries) –> hyperemia (increased blood flow to the area) –>formation of inflammatory exudate (thick liquid around infection site due to blood fluid leaking from blood vessel to tissue) –> edema - neutrophils and macrophages (white blood cells) move toward the site (chemotaxis) to destroy debris and bacteria (phagocytosis)
What is Hyperemia
An increase in blood supply. This brings more WBC to the area - neutrophils (WBC) escape from blood vessel into the injured tissue by diapedesis (squeeze through the capillary wall) - phagocytosis (destroys microorganisms & foreign material) - suppuration (production & discharge of pus) ***pus = dead cell + exudate
Inflammation: Cardinal Signs and Symptoms
Based on the steps of the inflammatory process, it explains the cause of: heat (calor)redness (rubor)swelling (tumor)pain (dolor)altered function (functio laesa)
Inflammatory Lesion - Abscess
Abscess – localized, circumscribed accumulation of pus
Inflammatory Lesion - Ulcer
Ulcer - open sore or lesion of skin (epidermis) or mucous membrane accompanied by sloughing of inflamed necrotic tissue
Inflammatory Lesion - Vesicle
Vesicle - blister-like elevation of skin containing serous fluid
Inflammatory Lesion - Furuncle
Furuncle (boil) - abscess or pyogenic (producing pus) infection of sweat gland or hair follicle
Inflammatory Lesion - Carbuncle
Carbuncle - several communicating boils of skin & subcutaneous tissues with production & discharge of pus & dead tissue
Inflammatory Lesion - Pustule
Pustule - small elevation of skin containing pus
What is Exudate
- fluid mixture of proteins, leukocytes, and tissue debris - oozes through tissues into cavity or to surface
Inflammatory Exudate - Serous
- Serous – clear serum-like fluid containing primarily fluid, with small amount of proteins, implies lesser injury (damage); e.g., skin blisters, cold sores
Inflammatory Exudate - Purulent
- Purulent – largely inflammatory cells (neutrophils), tissue debris & pyogenic bacteria (pus)
Inflammatory Exudate - Hemorrhagic
Hemorrhagic – increased number of red blood cells (due to damaged leaking blood vessels), often infected, very serious condition
Inflammatory Exudate - Fibrinous
Fibrinous - rich in fibrinogen; coagulates and forms fibrin; produces a sticky film on surface of inflamed tissue; indicates larger injury; e.g., strep throat, bacterial pneumonia
Inflammation: Resolution and Outcome
Resolution : termination of inflammatory response with the affected part returning to its normal state and function Repair: physical or mechanical restoration of damaged or diseased tissue by growth of healthy new cells, not necessarily the same type, or by surgery
Results from Inflammation Repair
Regeneration – replacement of tissue by identical tissue; repair that leads to restoration of normal function; skin tissue replaced by epithelium (skin), bone tissue replaced by osteocytes (bone cells) division Scar formation – fibrous connective tissue repair, may occur in any tissue, does not restore function; e.g., brain, or heart tissue
Dia
means “to go”
Diabetes
disorders characterized by Hyperglycemia and Glucose Intolerance. Associated with excessive urination
Diagnosis
The act or process of identifying or determining the nature and cause of a disease or injury through evaluation of patient history, examination, and review of laboratory data
Dilatation
The act or process of expanding
Diplobacilli
A rod-shaped bacterium occurring in pairs linked end to end.
Diplococcus
spherical shaped bacteria occurring usually in pairs as a result of incomplete separation after cell division in a single plane.
Disinfectant
an agent that disinfects, particularly one used on inanimate objects.
Disinfection
the act of disinfecting, using specialized cleansing techniques that destroy or prevent growth of organisms capable of infection
Diverticulosis
A condition where pouchlike sections that bulge through the large intestine’s muscular walls but no inflammation occur. They may cause bleeding, stomach distress, and excess gas.
Drug Fast
Relating to, characteristic of, or being microorganisms that resist or become tolerant to an antibacterial agent.
Dry Gangrene
Gangrene that develops as a result of arterial obstruction and is characterized by mummification of the dead tissue and absence of bacterial decomposition.
Dys
means “difficult”
Dysplasia
Abnormal development or growth of tissues, organs, or cells.
Dystrophy
any disorder due to defective or faulty nutrition
Ecchymosis
The passage of blood from ruptured blood vessels into subcutaneous tissue, marked by a purple discoloration of the skin
Ectasis
Dilation or distention of a tubular structure
Ectomy
surgical removal of something, usually from inside the body.
Ectopic
Out of place, as of an organ not in its proper position, or of a pregnancy occurring elsewhere than in the cavity of the uterus
Ectopic Pregnancy
In an ectopic pregnancy, the fertilized egg implants in a location outside the uterus and tries to develop there
Edema
Edema is a condition of abnormally large fluid volume in the circulatory system or in tissues between the body’s cells (interstitial spaces).
Emaciation
The process of losing so much flesh as to become extremely thin; wasting.
Embolism
An embolism is an obstruction in a blood vessel due to a blood clot or other foreign matter that gets stuck while traveling through the bloodstream.
Emesis
The act or process of vomiting
Emia
means “blood condition”
Empyema
The presence of pus in a body cavity, especially the pleural cavity
