Unit 8 Flashcards
Cephalocaudal principle
Human developmental principal that follows a head to toe progression
Ex: infants gain control of their neck and head before their extremities
Proximodorsal principle
Human development principle that progresses from the center of the body in a outwards direction
Ex: Spine develops first then limbs and then digits
Simple to complex principle
Human development principle that evolves from simple to complex
Ex: infants can control their heads and neck before they can crawl
Continuous process principle
Human development principle that is continuous and characterized by periods of growth spurts and periods of slow steady growth
General to specific principle
Human development principle that occurs from large muscle movement to more refined muscle movements
Individualized rates principle
Human development principle that varies from individual to individual
Psychosexual development theory
Sigmund Freud
Theory is highly criticized, but still used bringing forward the unconscious to the conscious
5 stages: Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent, Genital
Psychosocial Development theory
Eric Erickson
Impact of social experiences throughout the lifespan
8 stages:
-Basic trust vs Mistrust
-Autonomy vs Shame
-Initiative vs Guilt
-Industry vs Inferiority
-Identity vs Confusion
-Intimacy vs Isolation
-Generatively vs Stagnation
-Integrity vs Despair
Cognitive Development theory
Jean Piaget
How we acquire knowledge, intellect, and cognition
4 Stages:
-Sensorimotor
-Preoperational
-Concrete operational
-Formal operational
Moral Development theory
Lawrence Kholberg
Believed children progressively develop moral reasoning as they gain the ability to think logically
3 stages:
-Preconventional Reasoning
-Conventional Reasoning
-Postconventional Reasoning
Young Adult
Age range: 20s-mid 40s
-Brain maturation continues until 25
-Physical growth by 20
-Go through role transitions: self sufficient, committed relationships, career path
Middle Adult
Age range: mid 40s- early 60s
-Empty nest and caring for elderly parents
-Decrease in muscle tone, strength bone mass, visual and auditory acuity
-Increase in BP (muscles of heart and lungs lose elasticity)
-Fat around trunk, decrease in height
-Climacteric: menopause and occurs in males
Health risks in adulthood
Heart disease- atherosclerosis, HTN, dysrhythmias
Cancer- 80% of cancers in US are 55+ age,
42% are avoidable; caused by smoking, obesity ETOH, poor nutrition, inactivity
Type 2 Diabetes- asymptomatic at first,
can develop signs: polyuria, polydipsia, blurred vision, fatigue, poor wound healing, dry skin
Late adulthood
Average lifespan: 78.6
Types of grief
Normal, Anticipatory, Prolonged, and Disenfranchised grief
Normal grief
Uncomplicated.
Lasts several months to a year (no set timetable, but most see decline after 6 months)
Sadness, guilt, yearning, anger, regret
Anticipatory grief
grief experienced before loss
Sadness, anger, loneliness, guilt, anxiety, fear, fatigue, poor concentration
Happens with terminal patients
prolonged grief disorder
Lasts longer than 6 months and effects person’s ability to function
may not accept death, persistent need to find parison, preoccupied with thoughts of deceased
Guilt, anger, difficulty participating in activities, detached
Disenfranchised grief
Grief related to a relationship that does not coincide with what’s considered by society to be a recognized or justified loss, leads to no support and left to grieve with no support
Ex: loss of a pet, miscarriage, an extramarital affair, a young child trying to grieve
Depression, unstable emotions, social isolation, physical symptoms, insomnia, low self esteem
5 stages of grief
Denial
Anger
Depression
Bargaining
Acceptance
Bereavement
The period of time someone experiences grief
Mourning
Grief in public
What factors will affect a person’s grief response?
Age
Shock
Culture
Spiritual Beliefs
Manifestations of grief
Crying spells, difficulty sleeping, changes in food intake, decreased productivity
