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Nursing Fundamentals > Unit 8 > Flashcards

Unit 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Cephalocaudal principle

A

Human developmental principal that follows a head to toe progression
Ex: infants gain control of their neck and head before their extremities

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2
Q

Proximodorsal principle

A

Human development principle that progresses from the center of the body in a outwards direction
Ex: Spine develops first then limbs and then digits

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3
Q

Simple to complex principle

A

Human development principle that evolves from simple to complex
Ex: infants can control their heads and neck before they can crawl

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4
Q

Continuous process principle

A

Human development principle that is continuous and characterized by periods of growth spurts and periods of slow steady growth

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5
Q

General to specific principle

A

Human development principle that occurs from large muscle movement to more refined muscle movements

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6
Q

Individualized rates principle

A

Human development principle that varies from individual to individual

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7
Q

Psychosexual development theory

A

Sigmund Freud
Theory is highly criticized, but still used bringing forward the unconscious to the conscious
5 stages: Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent, Genital

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8
Q

Psychosocial Development theory

A

Eric Erickson
Impact of social experiences throughout the lifespan

8 stages:
-Basic trust vs Mistrust
-Autonomy vs Shame
-Initiative vs Guilt
-Industry vs Inferiority
-Identity vs Confusion
-Intimacy vs Isolation
-Generatively vs Stagnation
-Integrity vs Despair

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9
Q

Cognitive Development theory

A

Jean Piaget
How we acquire knowledge, intellect, and cognition

4 Stages:
-Sensorimotor
-Preoperational
-Concrete operational
-Formal operational

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10
Q

Moral Development theory

A

Lawrence Kholberg
Believed children progressively develop moral reasoning as they gain the ability to think logically

3 stages:
-Preconventional Reasoning
-Conventional Reasoning
-Postconventional Reasoning

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11
Q

Young Adult

A

Age range: 20s-mid 40s

-Brain maturation continues until 25
-Physical growth by 20
-Go through role transitions: self sufficient, committed relationships, career path

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12
Q

Middle Adult

A

Age range: mid 40s- early 60s

-Empty nest and caring for elderly parents
-Decrease in muscle tone, strength bone mass, visual and auditory acuity
-Increase in BP (muscles of heart and lungs lose elasticity)
-Fat around trunk, decrease in height
-Climacteric: menopause and occurs in males

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13
Q

Health risks in adulthood

A

Heart disease- atherosclerosis, HTN, dysrhythmias

Cancer- 80% of cancers in US are 55+ age,
42% are avoidable; caused by smoking, obesity ETOH, poor nutrition, inactivity

Type 2 Diabetes- asymptomatic at first,
can develop signs: polyuria, polydipsia, blurred vision, fatigue, poor wound healing, dry skin

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14
Q

Late adulthood

A

Average lifespan: 78.6

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15
Q

Types of grief

A

Normal, Anticipatory, Prolonged, and Disenfranchised grief

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16
Q

Normal grief

A

Uncomplicated.
Lasts several months to a year (no set timetable, but most see decline after 6 months)
Sadness, guilt, yearning, anger, regret

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17
Q

Anticipatory grief

A

grief experienced before loss
Sadness, anger, loneliness, guilt, anxiety, fear, fatigue, poor concentration
Happens with terminal patients

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18
Q

prolonged grief disorder

A

Lasts longer than 6 months and effects person’s ability to function
may not accept death, persistent need to find parison, preoccupied with thoughts of deceased
Guilt, anger, difficulty participating in activities, detached

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19
Q

Disenfranchised grief

A

Grief related to a relationship that does not coincide with what’s considered by society to be a recognized or justified loss, leads to no support and left to grieve with no support
Ex: loss of a pet, miscarriage, an extramarital affair, a young child trying to grieve

Depression, unstable emotions, social isolation, physical symptoms, insomnia, low self esteem

20
Q

5 stages of grief

A

Denial
Anger
Depression
Bargaining
Acceptance

21
Q

Bereavement

A

The period of time someone experiences grief

22
Q

Mourning

A

Grief in public

23
Q

What factors will affect a person’s grief response?

A

Age
Shock
Culture
Spiritual Beliefs

24
Q

Manifestations of grief

A

Crying spells, difficulty sleeping, changes in food intake, decreased productivity

25
Q

Grief reactions

A

Shock, anger, anxiety, numbness, denial, guilt, sadness, relief, depression

Psychological: disbelief, fixation, trouble concentrating, hallucinations

Physical: tightness in chest, GI upset, headache, weakness, fatigue

Behaviors: difficulty sleeping, loss of appetite, anger

26
Q

What does NURSE stand for?

A
27
Q

Elderly nutrition health promotion

A

Increased need for calcium, vitamin D, Vitamin E, Vitamin A, folate, fiber, fluids

28
Q

Health promotion Health screening

A

Annual: hearing, vision, fecal occult blood test, digital rectal and prostate specific antigen (male), DXA for osteporosis

Periodic: Mental health (high risk for depression), Cholesterol and diabetes (every 3 years)

29
Q

Integumentary expected changes in late adulthood?

A

Decreased skin turgid, SQ fat, connective tissue, thinning, gray hair, thickened nails

30
Q

Cardiopulmonary expected changes in late adulthood?

A

Decreased chest wall movement, vital capacity and cilia, less effective cough, reduce CO, decreased peripheral circulation, increased SBP (more rigid heart aloes and decreased elasticity in blood vessels)

31
Q

Neurological expected changes in late adulthood?

A

Slower reaction time, decreased touch, smell, taste, vision, decreased adjusting light to dark, presbycusis (inability to hear high pitched sounds), reduced spatial awareness

32
Q

GI expected changes in late adulthood?

A

Decreased production of saliva, decreased thirst mechanism, decreased digestive names and insteinal motility, increased dental problems, can have decreased gag reflex, external sphincter control may weaken, decrease glucose control

33
Q

MS expected changes in late adulthood?

A

Decreased height d/t dehydration of intervertebral discs, decreased muscle strength and lean muscle mass, decalcification of bones, degeneration of joints, curation of spine- kyphosis, decreased ROM

34
Q

GU expected changes in adulthood?

A

Decreased renal function, decreased bladder capacity, prostate hypertrophic, decline in estrogen and testosterone, atrophy of breast tissue

35
Q

Endocrine Expected changes in late adulthood?

A

Decline in T3, decreased insulin sensitivity

36
Q

Immune expected changes in late adulthood?

A

Decreased antibodies by B cells, increased autoantibodies, i=decreased core temp, T cell, stress response, response to immunizations

37
Q

Cognitive expected changes in late adulthood?

A

Some decline in cognitive function-impaired memory of recent events, decreased reaction to stimuli

38
Q

Sensory perception expected changes in late adulthood?

A

peripheral vision loss, conductive hearing loss, decreased taste buds

39
Q

Safety issues in older adults

A

Falls are most common
Safe driving- reduced visual acuity and reaction times
Elder abuse and neglect- Neglect, physical, financial abuse, emotional abuse
Medication safety

40
Q

Signs and symptoms of elder abuse

A

Bruises in clusters or patterns, burns, unusual hair loss, multiple injuries, pressure injuries, contractures, dehydrations, malnutrition, urine burns, excessive body odor, listlessness (feeling no energy to do anything needing effort), depression, dementia

Must report when abuse is suspected

41
Q

Medication misuse in elderly

A

Financial strains and lack of health literacy puts patients at risk to misuse medication
Patients may share medications, or alter dose to save money not understanding the ramifications

42
Q

Physiologic changes in elderly that increase risk for toxicity- Drug receptors interactions

A

Drug receptor interaction: brain receptors more sensitive increasing potency of psychoactive drugs

43
Q

Physiologic changes in elderly that increase risk for toxicity- Absorption

A

Slowing of GI mobility and emptying rate

44
Q

Physiologic changes in elderly that increase risk for toxicity- Distributiion

A

Decreased lean body mass and total body water- increases concentration of water soluble drugs.
Decreased plasma proteins- reducing sites for protein bound drugs, increasing free drug in blood.
Increased adipose stores.

45
Q

Physiologic changes in elderly that increase risk for toxicity- Metabolism

A

Decreased liver function, prolonging drugs 1/2 life

46
Q

Physiologic changes in elderly that increase risk for toxicity - Elimination

A

Decreased renal function, and drugs stay in body longer

Nursing Fundamentals (7 decks)

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