Unit 7b Vocab

Question 0

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.

Answer 0

Concept

Question 1

The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

Answer 1

Cognition

Question 2

A mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories ( as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin).

Answer 2

Prototype

Question 3

A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier- but also more error prone-use of heuristics.

Answer 3

Algorithm

Question 4

A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error prone than algorithms

Answer 4

Heuristic

Question 5

A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy- based solutions.

Answer 5

Insight

Question 6

The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

Answer 6

Creativity

Question 7

A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

Answer 7

Confirmation bias

Question 8

The inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set.

Answer 8

Fixation

Question 9

A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that had been successful in the past

Answer 9

Mental set

Question 10

The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.

Answer 10

Functional fixedness

Question 11

Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information.

Answer 11

Representativeness heuristic

Question 12

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind ( perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common.

Answer 12

Availability heuristic

Question 13

The tendency to be more confident than correct- to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements.

Answer 13

Overconfidence

Question 14

Clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.

Answer 14

Belief perseverance

Question 15

An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning

Answer 15

Intuition

Question 16

The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements.

Answer 16

Framing

Question 17

Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

Answer 17

Language

Question 18

In language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.

Answer 18

Phoneme

Question 19

In language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word ( such as a prefix)

Answer 19

Morpheme

Question 20

In a language, a system of rules that enable us to communicate with and understand others

Answer 20

Grammar

Question 21

The set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also,the study of meaning.

Answer 21

Semantics

Question 22

The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.

Answer 22

Syntax

Question 23

Beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language.

Answer 23

Babbling stage

Question 24

The stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words.

Answer 24

One-word stage

Question 25

Beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two word statements.

Answer 25

Two-word stage

Question 26

Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram-“go car”- using mostly bound and verbs.

Answer 26

Telegraphic speech

Question 27

Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think.

Answer 27

Linguistic determinism