Unit 7b Vocab Flashcards
A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
Concept
The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
Cognition
A mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories ( as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin).
Prototype
A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier- but also more error prone-use of heuristics.
Algorithm
A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error prone than algorithms
Heuristic
A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy- based solutions.
Insight
The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas
Creativity
A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
Confirmation bias
The inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set.
Fixation
A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that had been successful in the past
Mental set
The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.
Functional fixedness
Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information.
Representativeness heuristic
Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind ( perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common.
Availability heuristic
The tendency to be more confident than correct- to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements.
Overconfidence
Clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.
Belief perseverance
An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning
Intuition
The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements.
Framing
Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
Language
In language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.
Phoneme
In language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word ( such as a prefix)
Morpheme
In a language, a system of rules that enable us to communicate with and understand others
Grammar
The set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also,the study of meaning.
Semantics
The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.
Syntax
Beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language.
Babbling stage
The stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words.
One-word stage
Beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two word statements.
Two-word stage
Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram-“go car”- using mostly bound and verbs.
Telegraphic speech
Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think.
Linguistic determinism
