Unit 7B Flashcards
Heuristic
A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error prone than algorithms
Algorithm
A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem
Insight
A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; contrasts strategy-based solutions
Creativity
The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas
Confirmation bias
A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
Fixation
The inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set
Metal set
A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
Functional Fixedness
The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving
Representative heuristic
Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes. May lead us to ignore other relevant information
Availability heuristic
Estimating the likelihood of events based on the availability in memory; for instances come readily to mind , we assume such events are common
Overconfidence
The tendency to be more confident than correct-overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements
Belief preservation
Clinging to ones initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
Framing
The way an issue is posed; how am issue is is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements
Language
Our spoken, written or signed words and the ways to combine to form meaning
Phoneme
In language, the smallest distinctive sound unit
Morpheme
In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or part of a word (such as a prefix)
Grammar
In language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand with others
Semantics
The set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning
Syntax
The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language
Babbling stage
Beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language
One-word stage
The stage in speech development, from a bout age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words
two word stage
Beginning at about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two word statements
Telegraphic speech
early speech stage in which the child speaks like a telegram -go car- using mostly nouns and verbs
Linguistic determinism
Whorfs hypothesis that language determines the way we think that
