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AP Psychology > Unit 7A > Flashcards

Unit 7A Flashcards

0
Q

Elizabeth Loftus

A

1944-present

Filed of memory. Expert in eye witness testimony( false memory or misinformation effect)

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1
Q

Hermann Ebbinghaus

A

1850-1909

Field is psychology and first to conduct studies on forgetting

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2
Q

George Sperling

A

Demonstrated sensory memory by flashing a grid of letters for 1/20th of a second: iconic memory

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3
Q

Oliver sacks

A

MD; known for collections of neurological case histories

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4
Q

Daniel Schacter

A

Psychologist; focused on psychological and biological aspects of human memory and amnesia, with particular emphasis on the distinction b/w conscious and unconscious forms of memory

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5
Q

Richard Atkinson

A

Atkinson- Shiffrin model
The most significant advances in the study of human memory. Puts theory of memory on a mathematical basis for the first time

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6
Q

Karl Lashley

A

Contributions to the study of learning and memory. Failure to find single biological focus of memory in the rats brain suggested that memories we’re not located at one single part of the brain

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7
Q

Ended Tulving

A

Differentiated b/w episodic and semantic memory. Also theorized the idea of encoding and retrieval cues for log term memories

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8
Q

Richard Shiffrin

A

Proposed the human memory had three stages with Atkinson:

1) sensory
2) short term working
3) long term

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9
Q

George Miller

A

Prove a theory called the magical # 7 plus or minus 2 showed the short term memory is limited in capacity

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10
Q

Fergus Craik

A

Differentiated b/w episodic and semantic, also theorized the idea of encoding and retrieval cues for long term memories

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11
Q

Alan Baddeley

A

Proposed a more complex, modular model of short term memory that characterizes it as “working memory”

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12
Q

Eric Kandel

A

Studied conditioned reflects is a simple organism. IE a Sea Slug

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13
Q

James Schwartz

A

Neurotransmitter serotonin released when learning occurs, makes synapses more efficient at transmitting signals

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14
Q

Henry Roediger

A

False memories created by suggested misinformation and misattributed sources may feel real and be persistent

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15
Q

Jeffrey Karpicke

A

identified the testing affect

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16
Q

Henry Molaison

A

The most important patient in the history is brain science

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17
Q

Rajan Mahadevan

A

On repeated visits to the psychology building at ll Minnesota

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18
Q

Framing

A

The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decision and judgments

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19
Q

Intuition

A

An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning

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20
Q

Fixation

A

The inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set

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21
Q

Confirmation bias

A

A tendency to search for information that supports out perceptions and to ignores or distort contradictory evidence

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22
Q

Prototype

A

A mental image or best examples of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories

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23
Q

Cognition

A

The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

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24
Concept
A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
25
Creativity
The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas
26
Insight
A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem
27
Heuristic
A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently
28
Algorithms
A methodical, logical rule or produce that guarantees solving a particular problem
29
Mental Set
A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
30
Functional Fixedness
The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions
31
Availability Heuristic
Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory
32
Representative heuristic
Judging the likelihood of things in term of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes
33
Encoding
The processing of informations into the memory system, for example by extracting meaning
34
Storage
The retention of encoded information over time
35
Retrieval
The process of getting information out of memory storage
36
Sensory memory
The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
37
Short term memory
Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten
38
Long term memory
The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knows he, skills and experiences
39
Working memory
A newer understanding of short term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long term memory
40
Parallel processing
The processing of any aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brains natural mode of information processing for many functions. Contrasts with the step by step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving
41
Automatic processing
Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and well-learned information, such as word meanings
42
Effort full processing
Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
43
Rehearsal
The conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage
44
Spacing effect
The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
45
Serial Position
Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
46
Visual encoding
The encoding of picture images
47
Acoustic encoding
The encoding of sound, especially the sound of words
48
Semantic encoding
The encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words
49
Imagery
Mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding
50
Mnemonics
Memory aids; especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
51
Chunking
Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
52
Iconic memory
A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
53
Echoic memory
A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds
54
Long term potentiation (LTP)
An increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory
55
Flashbulb memory
A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
56
Amnesia
The loss of memory
57
Implicit memory
Retention independent of conscious recollection AKA nondeclarative or procedural memory
58
Explicit memory
Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare" AKA declarative memory
59
Hippocampus
A neural center that is located in the lambic system; helps process explicit memories for storage
60
Recall
A measure of memory in which the person musty retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test
61
Recognition
A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test
62
Relearning
A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time.
63
Priming
The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
64
Mood-congruent memory
The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ones current good or bad mood
65
Proactive interference
The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information
66
Retroactive interference
The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information
67
Repression
In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety- arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
68
Misinformation effect
Incorporating misleading information into ones memory of an event
69
Source amnesia
Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or images. AKA misattribution

AP Psychology (9 decks)

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