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AP Psychology > Unit 7A > Flashcards

Unit 7A Flashcards

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0
Q

Elizabeth Loftus

A

1944-present

Filed of memory. Expert in eye witness testimony( false memory or misinformation effect)

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1
Q

Hermann Ebbinghaus

A

1850-1909

Field is psychology and first to conduct studies on forgetting

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2
Q

George Sperling

A

Demonstrated sensory memory by flashing a grid of letters for 1/20th of a second: iconic memory

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3
Q

Oliver sacks

A

MD; known for collections of neurological case histories

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4
Q

Daniel Schacter

A

Psychologist; focused on psychological and biological aspects of human memory and amnesia, with particular emphasis on the distinction b/w conscious and unconscious forms of memory

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5
Q

Richard Atkinson

A

Atkinson- Shiffrin model
The most significant advances in the study of human memory. Puts theory of memory on a mathematical basis for the first time

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6
Q

Karl Lashley

A

Contributions to the study of learning and memory. Failure to find single biological focus of memory in the rats brain suggested that memories we’re not located at one single part of the brain

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7
Q

Ended Tulving

A

Differentiated b/w episodic and semantic memory. Also theorized the idea of encoding and retrieval cues for log term memories

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8
Q

Richard Shiffrin

A

Proposed the human memory had three stages with Atkinson:

1) sensory
2) short term working
3) long term

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9
Q

George Miller

A

Prove a theory called the magical # 7 plus or minus 2 showed the short term memory is limited in capacity

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10
Q

Fergus Craik

A

Differentiated b/w episodic and semantic, also theorized the idea of encoding and retrieval cues for long term memories

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11
Q

Alan Baddeley

A

Proposed a more complex, modular model of short term memory that characterizes it as “working memory”

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12
Q

Eric Kandel

A

Studied conditioned reflects is a simple organism. IE a Sea Slug

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13
Q

James Schwartz

A

Neurotransmitter serotonin released when learning occurs, makes synapses more efficient at transmitting signals

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14
Q

Henry Roediger

A

False memories created by suggested misinformation and misattributed sources may feel real and be persistent

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15
Q

Jeffrey Karpicke

A

identified the testing affect

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16
Q

Henry Molaison

A

The most important patient in the history is brain science

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17
Q

Rajan Mahadevan

A

On repeated visits to the psychology building at ll Minnesota

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18
Q

Framing

A

The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decision and judgments

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19
Q

Intuition

A

An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning

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20
Q

Fixation

A

The inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set

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21
Q

Confirmation bias

A

A tendency to search for information that supports out perceptions and to ignores or distort contradictory evidence

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22
Q

Prototype

A

A mental image or best examples of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories

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23
Q

Cognition

A

The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

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24
Q

Concept

A

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

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25
Q

Creativity

A

The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

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26
Q

Insight

A

A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem

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27
Q

Heuristic

A

A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently

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28
Q

Algorithms

A

A methodical, logical rule or produce that guarantees solving a particular problem

29
Q

Mental Set

A

A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

30
Q

Functional Fixedness

A

The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions

31
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory

32
Q

Representative heuristic

A

Judging the likelihood of things in term of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes

33
Q

Encoding

A

The processing of informations into the memory system, for example by extracting meaning

34
Q

Storage

A

The retention of encoded information over time

35
Q

Retrieval

A

The process of getting information out of memory storage

36
Q

Sensory memory

A

The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

37
Q

Short term memory

A

Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten

38
Q

Long term memory

A

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knows he, skills and experiences

39
Q

Working memory

A

A newer understanding of short term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long term memory

40
Q

Parallel processing

A

The processing of any aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brains natural mode of information processing for many functions. Contrasts with the step by step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving

41
Q

Automatic processing

A

Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and well-learned information, such as word meanings

42
Q

Effort full processing

A

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

43
Q

Rehearsal

A

The conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage

44
Q

Spacing effect

A

The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

45
Q

Serial Position

A

Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

46
Q

Visual encoding

A

The encoding of picture images

47
Q

Acoustic encoding

A

The encoding of sound, especially the sound of words

48
Q

Semantic encoding

A

The encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words

49
Q

Imagery

A

Mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding

50
Q

Mnemonics

A

Memory aids; especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

51
Q

Chunking

A

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

52
Q

Iconic memory

A

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

53
Q

Echoic memory

A

A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds

54
Q

Long term potentiation (LTP)

A

An increase in a synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory

55
Q

Flashbulb memory

A

A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

56
Q

Amnesia

A

The loss of memory

57
Q

Implicit memory

A

Retention independent of conscious recollection AKA nondeclarative or procedural memory

58
Q

Explicit memory

A

Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare” AKA declarative memory

59
Q

Hippocampus

A

A neural center that is located in the lambic system; helps process explicit memories for storage

60
Q

Recall

A

A measure of memory in which the person musty retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test

61
Q

Recognition

A

A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test

62
Q

Relearning

A

A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time.

63
Q

Priming

A

The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

64
Q

Mood-congruent memory

A

The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ones current good or bad mood

65
Q

Proactive interference

A

The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

66
Q

Retroactive interference

A

The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

67
Q

Repression

A

In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety- arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

68
Q

Misinformation effect

A

Incorporating misleading information into ones memory of an event

69
Q

Source amnesia

A

Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or images. AKA misattribution

AP Psychology (9 decks)

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