unit 7 vocab

Question 1

artificial selection

Answer 1

the process by which humans choose individual organisms with certain phenotypic trait values for breeding

Question 2

natural selection

Answer 2

When individuals have advantageous traits causing them to be more likely to survive and reproduce

Question 3

vestigial structure

Answer 3

features of an organism that are considered to have lost much or all of their original function through evolution ex: male nipples

Question 4

Convergent evolution

Answer 4

the process whereby distantly related organisms independently evolve similar traits to adapt to similar necessities

Question 5

bottleneck effect

Answer 5

Genetic drift that occurs when the size of a population is reduced, as by a natural disaster or human actions. Typically, the surviving population is no longer genetically representative of the original population.

Question 6

founder effect

Answer 6

Genetic drift that occurs when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population and form a new population whose gene pool composition is not reflective of that of the original population.

Question 7

Stabilizing selection

Answer 7

intermediale phenotypes more fit than extreme ones (narrow the curve in the middle)

Question 8

Disruptive selection

Answer 8

both extreme phenotypes more
(makes multiple pears in the curve but not in the middle)

Question 9

Directional selection

Answer 9

one extreme phenorypes more fit
(curve shifts toward favorable phenotype)

Question 10

Gene flow

Answer 10

The transfer of alleles from one population to another, resulting from the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes.

Question 11

Gene pool

Answer 11

the combination of all the genes present in a reproducing population or species

Question 12

Genetic drift

Answer 12

the change in the allelic frequency of an existing gene variant in the population due to random chance

Question 13

Sexual dimorphism

Answer 13

Differences between the secondary sex characteristics of males and females of the same species.

Question 14

sympatric speciation

Answer 14

The formation of new species in populations that live in the same geographic area.

Question 15

Allopathic speciation

Answer 15

The formation of new species in populations that are geographically isolated from one another.

Question 16

Speciation

Answer 16

An evolutionary process in which one species splits into two or more species.

Question 17

Reproductive isolation

Answer 17

The existence of biological factors (barriers) that impede members of two species from producing viable, fertile offspring

Question 18

Adaptive radiation

Answer 18

is the evolutionary process by which many species originate from one species in an area and radiate to different species

Question 19

Habitat isolation

Answer 19

Is where reproduction between two populations is restricted because they have different habitats though they’re within the same area

Question 20

Temporal isolation

Answer 20

when two populations reproduce at different times of the day or in different seasons, leading speciation to occur

Question 21

Behavioral isolation

Answer 21

where nature prevents
interbreeding of species due to behavioral differences

Question 22

Mechanical isolation

Answer 22

occurs when differences in two organisms’ reproductive organs prevent interbreeding between the two species

Question 23

Gametic isolation

Answer 23

occurs when the two organisms/species mate successfully but can not form a zygote

Question 24

Reduced hybrid viability

Answer 24

a lower chance of survival for organisms whose parents have incompatible genetics, mainly because their parents mated despite being different species.

Question 25

Reduced hybrid fertility

Answer 25

there is a lower chance of being sterile for organisms whose parents have incompatible genetics, mainly because their parents mated despite being different species produce healthy offspring but likely sterile

Question 26

Hybrid breakdown

Answer 26

Some hybrids are fertile, but when they mate with another species or with either parent species, offspring of the next generation are weak and/or sterile