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Human diseases HS3210 > Unit 7 - Reproductive system and breasts > Flashcards

Unit 7 - Reproductive system and breasts Flashcards

1
Q

Chlamydia

trachomatis

A

Bacterium that causes chlamydia

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2
Q

Although it can affect males or females of any age, chlamydia is most often diagnosed in which demographic?

A

Young women under the age of 24.

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3
Q

Transmission routes of chlamydia

A

Oral, anal, or vaginal sex

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4
Q

Untreated chlamydia in a mother can be passed from a mother to her child during childbirth. What complications does it cause?

A
  1. Eye infections

2. Pneumonia

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5
Q

Complications of chlamydia

A
  1. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
  2. Infertility
  3. Infection of the testicles or prostate
  4. Reiter syndrome
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6
Q

What sexually transmitted infections are often found in patients with chlamydia?

A

HIV and gonorrhea

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7
Q

Symptoms of chlamydia

A

Even after symptoms appear, they are often overlooked due to their mild nature. They include:

  1. Pain during urination
  2. Pain in the lower abdomen
  3. Discharge from the vagina or penis
  4. Painful intercourse in women
  5. Pain in the testicles
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8
Q

True or false: asymptomatic chlamydia infection is contagious

A

True

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9
Q

Cancer in one testicle is considered stage…

A

Stage I

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10
Q

Reiter syndrome

A

A kind of reactive arthritis that affects the eyes, joints, and
urethra

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11
Q

The CDC recommends that the following groups get screened for chlamydia:

A
  1. Pregnant women
  2. Sexually active females under 24 years old
  3. Individuals at high risk for contraction of the infections, such as those with multiple sex partners, those who do not use a condom during sex, or people who may have been exposed through a partner with chlamydia.
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12
Q

Tests for chlamydia

A
  1. Urine test (positive result confirms the presence of chlamydia trachomatis)
  2. Penile or anal swab (Antigen or culture)
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13
Q

First-line treatment for chlamydia

A

Antibiotics

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14
Q

Treatment duration until chlamydia clears

A

1 - 2 weeks. During this time, the patient must abstain from sex

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15
Q

A healthy woman between the ages of 21-29 years should have a Pap test

A

Every 2 - 3 years

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16
Q

Prostate cancer treatment where a cold gas is inserted via a needle is called:

A

cryoablation

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17
Q

Erectile dysfunction

A

Inability to achieve or sustain an erection

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18
Q

Causes of erectile dysfunction

A
  1. Cardiovascular: High blood pressure or cholesterol, heart disease, atherosclerosis
  2. Metabolic: Metabolic syndrome, diabetes, obesity
  3. Nervous: Multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, injuries or surgery to the spinal cord or pelvic area
  4. Reproductive: Peyronie disease, low testosterone
  5. Chemical: Alcoholism, substance abuse, tobacco use, prescription medications
    Prostate cancer or enlarged prostate treatments
  6. Psychological: Stress, depression, anxiety, mental health conditions, poor communication, relationship problems
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19
Q

Goals of treatment for erectile dysfunction

A

To treat the underlying medical condition

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20
Q

Tests for erectile dysfunction (to uncover underlying cause)

A

Physical exam, blood tests, and urinalysis. An ultrasound to check blood flow to the penis to detect a circulatory issue. A psychological screening or test can help determine if a psychological condition is causing the
erectile dysfunction. A nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT) test can also help determine whether the erectile dysfunction is as a result of physical or psychological factors.

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21
Q

What is the most common treatment for erectile dysfunction?

A

Medication is the most common treatment for erectile dysfunction. These medications enhance the effects of nitric oxide, which leads to increased blood flow that promotes erection upon arousal and/or sexual stimulation. Common medications include sildenafil, vardenafil, and tadalafil.

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22
Q

What are the drawbacks to using sildenafil, vardenafil, and tadalafil to treat erectile dysfunction?

A

These medications can be ineffective or dangerous in patients with certain conditions,
such as uncontrolled diabetes, heart disease, hyper- or hypotension, heart failure, or stroke. They are also not recommended for patients who take nitrate drugs, anticoagulants, alpha-blockers, or blood pressure medicine.

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23
Q

Testosterone replacement therapy

A

Testosterone patch or injection used for erectile dysfunction that results from low testosterone

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24
Q

How is Alprostadil used to treat erectile dysfunction?

A
  1. Self-injection: alprostadil is injected into the side or base of the penis with a very fine needle. The resulting ejection lasts about an hour.
  2. Penis suppository: A suppository is placed inside the urethra. Erection follows within 10 minutes and lasts 30 minutes to one hour.
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25
Q

Non-medication treatments for erectile dysfunction

A
  1. Penis pumps: creates a vacuum that pulls blood into the penis to produce
    an erection. Once an erection is achieved, a ring is placed around the penis to maintain
    the erection. The erection lasts as long as the ring is in place.
  2. Penile implants: A device is surgically implanted into the sides of the penis to keep it firm but pliable.
  3. Blood vessel surgery: Repair of obstructed or leaking blood vessels causing erectile
    dysfunction.
  4. Counselling
  5. Acupuncture (anecdotal)
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26
Q

What is the most common cancer in white males between 15 and 34?

A

Testicular cancer

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27
Q

Cells that most commonly cause testicular cancer

A

Germ cells

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28
Q

Risk factors for testicular cancer

A
  1. Family history of testicular cancer
  2. Conditions that cause abnormal development of the testicles:
    Klinefelter syndrome (XXY) and cryptorchidism, or undescended testicles, are associated with an increased incidence of testicular cancer. The risk remains the same if the testicle was surgically moved into the scrotum.
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29
Q

Types of testicular cancer

A
  1. Seminoma

2. Non-seminoma

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30
Q

What are the differences between seminomas and non-seminomas?

A
  • Seminomas are less aggressive of the two kinds and respond well to radiation therapy. Older men who develop testicular cancer tend to have this form.
  • Non-seminomas develop in younger men and grow and spread aggressively. They respond well to radiation, but chemotherapy is often necessary. There are different kinds of non-seminoma tumors, such as the yolk sac tumor, embryonal carcinoma, teratoma, and choriocarcinoma.
31
Q

Symptoms of testicular cancer

A

Cancer usually appears in only one testicle. Cancer affecting both testicles is extremely rare.

  1. An enlarged testicle
  2. A lump in the testicle
  3. Abdominal ache that is dull
  4. Dull ache in the groin
  5. Heaviness in the scrotum
  6. Pain or discomfort in the scrotum or testicle
  7. Fluid in the scrotum that develops suddenly
  8. Breast tenderness or enlargement
32
Q

Tests for testicular cancer

A
  1. Physical exam
  2. Ultrasound: Ultrasound is particularly helpful in identifying characteristics of the lump, (whether they are filled with fluid or solid and if they are located inside or outside of the testicle.
  3. Blood test: Blood is analyzed to measure the level of tumor markers. An elevated level of tumor markers may indicate cancer.
  4. Radical inguinal orchiectomy: If the possibility of cancer is high, the testicle may be
    removed and sent to a laboratory for evaluation. Lab tests can verify the presence of
    cancer and identify the type.
33
Q

Stages of testicular cancer

A

Stage I: Cancer is confined to one testicle.
Stage II: Cancer has spread to affect the abdominal lymph nodes.
Stage III: Cancer has spread to other parts of the body. Testicular cancer that spreads typically travels to the lungs, bones, liver, and brain.

34
Q

Treatment course for testicular cancer

A

Most cases of testicular cancer are treated with a radical inguinal orchiectomy (removal of the testicle). A prosthetic testicle filled with saline solution can replace the removed
testicle. Lymph nodes located in the groin are also removed.

Early-stage testicular cancer is usually cured through surgery alone, but some cases, particularly those of advanced stages or the seminoma form, benefit from radiation. Chemotherapy is used when testicular cancer has metastasized.

35
Q

Complications of surgery for testicular cancer

A

Lymph nodes located in the groin are also removed. Removing the lymph nodes can
lead to severed nerves that cause problems with ejaculation, but the nerve damage does not affect the ability to develop an erection

36
Q

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

Enlargement of the prostate gland. A common, treatable condition
in men as they age, benign prostatic hyperplasia affects the function of the urinary system.

37
Q

Non-medical interventions for erectile dysfunction

A

Counseling - individual counseling or couple’s therapy.
Lifestyle modification - Smoking cessation, regular exercise, and weight loss
Acupuncture - Some men feel that acupuncture has helped alleviate erectile
dysfunction

38
Q

True or false. Testicular cancer is common but it is rare in young white males

A

False

39
Q

Who is most commonly affected by testicular cancer?

A

Testicular cancer is rare, but it is the leading cause of cancer in white
males between ages 15 and 34

40
Q

True or false. Testicular cancer is challenging to treat

A

False. Testicular cancer is highly treatable, even in cases in which the
cancer has spread to other parts of the body.

41
Q

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

Benign prostatic hyperplasia refers to the enlargement of the prostate gland. A common, treatable condition found in men as they age, benign prostatic hyperplasia affects the function of the urinary system.

42
Q

What causes symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia?

A

As the prostate enlarges, it can lead to obstruction of urine flow from the bladder to the urethra. This can lead to complications like bladder, kidney, or urinary tract infections.

43
Q

Risk factors for benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

Ethnicity - Australian and American men are most commonly affected
Age - Usually no symptoms before 40, increase with age
Family history

44
Q

Age of symptom onset for benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

No symptoms prior to age 40. 1/4 men have symptoms by age 55, with 1/2 over age 75 experiencing symptoms

45
Q

Complications of benign prostatic hyperplasia

A
  1. Urinary tract infections
  2. Bladder stones
  3. Damage to the bladder or kidneys
  4. Acute urinary retention
46
Q

Symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia

A 
A weak stream of urine
Problems initiating urination
Stopping and starting while urinating
Urgency
Frequency
Dribbling at the end of urination
Straining
Nocturia
Unable to fully empty the bladder
Urinary tract infection
Bladder stones
Reduction in kidney function
47
Q

True or false. The size of the prostate does not determine the severity of symptoms in BPH?

A

True

48
Q

Which men experience benign prostatic hyperplasia the least?

A

Men from India, China, and Japan

49
Q

Diagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

The American Urological Association has created a Symptom Index for BPH that can help gauge
the level and extent of the problems. A digital rectal exam can determine if the prostate is
enlarged and a neurological exam can identify causes of urinary problems. A urinalysis can help
rule out other possible causes of symptoms.

50
Q

Additional tests for BPH

A
  • Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test: PSA levels increase in patients with an enlarged prostate.
  • Urinary flow test: A machine measures the amount and strength of urine flow.
  • Postvoid residual volume test: This test checks to see if the bladder is empty after urination.
  • Transrectal ultrasound: An ultrasound probe is placed in the rectum to create an image of the prostate. A prostate biopsy can be conducted alongside a transrectal ultrasound.
  • Urodynamic studies and pressure flow studies: A catheter is used to fill the bladder with water to measure bladder pressure and check bladder muscle functions.
  • Cystoscopy: A cystoscope is inserted in the urethra to look for problems.
  • Intravenous pyelogram or CT urogram: The injected dye outlines the urinary system to detect tumors, stones, or blockages above the bladder
51
Q

How is BPH treated?

A

Medication and/or surgery

52
Q

Medications used for BPH

A

Alpha blockers
5 alpha reductase inhibitors
Tadalafil
Combination drug therapy

53
Q

When is surgery used for BPH?

A

When medication proves ineffective or symptoms are severe

54
Q

Surgeries for BPH

A
  • Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP):. A resectoscope is placed in the urethra to guide removal of part of the prostate.
  • Transurethral incision of the prostate (TUIP or TIP): Instead of removing part of the prostate, an incision opens part of the urethra to improve flow of urine.
  • Open prostatectomy: An incision is made in the lower abdomen to reach the prostate.
55
Q

BPH

What is the goal of prostate surgery?

A

Reduce the prostate gland and improve the flow of urine by opening the urethra

56
Q

Laser surgery used for BPH

A
  • Ablative procedure including vaporization: Prostate tissue that compresses the
    urethra is burned away.
  • Enucleative procedure: Any prostate cancer blocking the flow of urine is burned
    away.
     Kinds of laser surgery:
     Holmium laser ablation of the prostate (HoLAP)
     Visual laser ablation of the prostate (VLAP)
     Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP)
     Photoselective vaporization of the prostate (PVP)
57
Q

Transurethral microwave thermotherapy (TUMT)

A

An electrode is placed in the urethra. Microwave energy heats and destroys the inner prostate gland, causing shrinkage that results in easier urine flow.

58
Q

Transurethral needle ablation (TUNA)

A

Treatment for BPH where a cystoscope is placed in the urethra to guide a
needle into place. The needle allows radio waves to pass through, which heats and
destroys the tissue to cause scarring. The scarring causes shrinkage that allows easier urine flow.

59
Q

Prostatic stents

A

Prostatic stents can be metal or plastic and help hold the urethra open.
Plastic stents need to be changed every 4 to 6 weeks, while metal stents are only used in particular circumstances.

60
Q

How common is prostate cancer?

A

Prostate cancer is one of the most common kinds of cancer in men, affecting 1 in 6 men over the course of a lifetime

61
Q

Risk factors for prostate cancer

A
  • Family history
  • Race: Black men have the highest risk of the cancer, experiencing more aggressive and advanced stages of the disease
  • Obesity
62
Q

Types of non-seminoma

A

Yolk sac tumor, embryonal carcinoma, teratoma, and choriocarcinoma

63
Q

What is the most common surgery for BPH?

A

Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is the most common surgical
treatment for enlarged prostate glands. A resectoscope is placed in the urethra to guide removal of part of the prostate.

64
Q

How is testicular cancer most often detected?

A

By accident or in a self-exam

65
Q

What is a testicular self-exam?

A

Self-exam involves standing in front of a mirror and using the hands to examine each testicle for lumps.
Rolling the testicles between the thumbs and fingers can help determine if the normally firm, smooth, oval-shaped testicle feels normal. Self-exams are best performed after a bath or shower as the warm water relaxes the scrotum, allowing for easier examination.

66
Q

Stages of prostate cancer

A

Stage I: Cancer isn’t aggressive and is confined to the prostate.
Stage II: Cancer is small but aggressive or large and affects both sides of the prostate.
Stage III: Cancer has spread to nearby tissues.
Stage IV: Cancer has spread to other organs.

67
Q

Does prostate cancer always require treatment?

A

No. Some men, particularly those with early-stage prostate cancer that is not aggressive, may never need treatment. Instead, a doctor can recommend watchful waiting, which means the condition is monitored for changes or progression. Sometimes a patient’s age or other health conditions can make treatment difficult.

68
Q

Endometriosis

A

Endometriosis is a condition that occurs when the endometrial cells, which comprise the tissue that lines the inside of the uterus, grow within other areas of the body. This painful condition often affects the ovaries, bladder, bowel, rectum, or pelvic floor. In rare cases, the endometrial tissue is found beyond the pelvic region.

69
Q

Breast cancer

Lumpectomy

A

Doctors remove the mass and a small amount of healthy tissue
surrounding the mass.

70
Q

Breast cancer

Mastectomy

A

All breast tissue is removed.

71
Q

Sentinel lymph node biopsy

A

Breast cancer that has spread to the lymph nodes also opens the
possibility that it has spread to other parts of the body. The lymph nodes are removed
and biopsied to test for cancer

72
Q

Axillary lymph node dissection

A

If cancer has been found to spread to the lymph nodes,

the lymph nodes in the armpit are removed.

73
Q

Most common cancer of the female reproductive organs

A

Uterine cancer

Human diseases HS3210 (8 decks)

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