Unit 3 - Diseases of integumentary and musculoskeletal system Flashcards
Stage 1 of decubitus ulcers
Stage 1:
- Skin is intact
- Area is red
- Skin does not blanch when touched
- Skin may look ashen, purple, or blue in people with darker skin
- Area is painful, firm, and soft
- Affected spot may be warmer or cooler than surrounding skin
Stage 2 of decubitus ulcers
- Wound is open
- Epidermis and dermis is damaged
- Shallow, bowl-like wound
- Pinkish-red in color
- May look like a ruptured fluid-filled blister
Stage 3 of a decubitus ulcer
- Wound is deep enough to expose underlying fat
- Crater-like appearance
- Slough on the bottom of the wound
- Damage may extend beyond the wound into healthy layers of skin
Stage 4 of decubitus ulcer
- Large-scale damage to tissue
- Muscle, bone, and tendon may be exposed
- Slough and eschar on the bottom of the wound
- Damage extends into and beyond layers of healthy skin
Complications of untreated pressure sores (decubitus ulcers)
- Sepsis
- Cellulitis
- Infections of the bones and joints
- Cancer in the unhealed wound
What causes warts?
Warts are caused by HPV that is spread through touch.
Medicines used to treat herpes zoster
Acyclovir Famcyclovir Valacyclovir Anticonvulsants Numbing agents Tricyclic antidepressants Narcotics, like codeine
- Age: Older adult skin is thinner, drier, and less elastic than the skin of younger adults, making it more fragile and vulnerable to injury.
- Weight loss: Less cushioning is present in people who have lost weight.
- Lack of sensory perception: Patients with loss of feeling or sensation in parts of the body may not be aware of the pressure or feel the need to change positions.
- Skin moisture or dryness: Excessively dry skin or moist sweaty skin increases the friction between skin and surfaces.
- Incontinence: Bladder incontinence can make the skin perpetually moist. Fecal
incontinence can lead to localized infections. - Inadequate nutrition or hydration: A poor diet or an inadequate amount of fluid intake can lead to unhealthy skin.
- Conditions of the circulatory system: Diseases like diabetes or vascular disease lead to circulation problems and can cause decreased circulation in certain parts of the body.
- Muscle spasms: Frequent friction or shearing can result from involuntary muscle movements.
- Limited mental awareness: Mental state affects whether or not an individual can
recognize, prevent, or care for pressure sores. - Smoking: Smoking affects circulation and oxygen levels in the blood, making wounds heal slower.
How many fractures does the average person sustain in a lifetime?
Two
What are the four categories of fracture?
- Displaced
- Non-displaced
- Closed
- Open
Displaced fracture
The bone has broken into two sections where the sections are no longer
aligned.
Non-displaced
The bone is partially or completely cracked, but has not moved in
alignment.
Closed fracture
The bone is broken but does not protrude through the skin.
Open fracture
The bone is broken and protrudes through the skin. Open fractures carry a high
risk of infection.
Greenstick fracture
Greenstick fractures occur most often in children. This kind of
fracture is an incomplete break. The bone is bent.
Transverse fracture
The fracture is at a right angle to the bone’s normal position
Oblique fracture
The fracture is curved or sloped.
Comminuted fracture
The bone has fragmented into several pieces
Impacted fracture
Also known as a buckle fracture, the broken ends of bone are driven
into each other.
Avulsion fracture
A tendon or ligament and the bone to which it is attached pulls away
from the main bone. Avulsion fractures are common in athletes and can fuse back
together naturally.
Pathologic fractures
Fractures that result from weakening of the bone due to disease
are pathologic fractures. Cancer and osteoporosis can lead to pathologic fractures. This
kind of fracture can occur with little or no trauma, such as when someone bends over or
sneezes.
Stress fracture
A hairline crack in the bone.
Symptoms of fractures
Pain the increases with movement or pressure
Swelling
Bruising
Deformity
Loss of function
Bone protruding from the skin (in open fractures)
Complications of fractures
nerve damage, blood vessel damage, infection to tissues,
and osteomyelitis.
Fractures
Diagnostic tests
Fractures are generally diagnosed through x-rays, although some fractures do not show up on
regular x-rays, such as wrist fractures, stress fractures, and hip fractures in older adults. In those
cases, a CT scan, MRI, or bone scan may be necessary to view the fracture. Sometimes doctors
will immobilize the area for 10-14 days and repeat the x-ray as the break may be more visible
after the swelling has diminished. CT scans, MRIs and angiograms can help detect tissue damage
caused by the fracture.
Acrochordon is commonly known as…
Skin tags
How common are acrochordon (or skin tags)?
Skin tags are found in 25% of people and can increase in number as a person ages. Obesity is associated with the development of skin tags, although it is not always a factor.
Epidermoid Cyst
Previously known as sebaceous cysts, epidermoid cysts are not associated with the sebaceous
glands. The cysts are round and filled with keratin. The cysts may be small for a long time before
rapidly growing, usually on the back, face, or chest. Pus can drain for the surface, or reabsorbed
by the cyst.
How are epidermoid cysts treated?
The cyst can be drained or removed if it becomes painful or inflamed.
Complications of shingles
Skin infections: Bacterial infections can develop from shingles blisters.
Vision loss: Shingles can develop in or around the eye, causing infection in the eye and
potential vision loss.
Neurological problems: Shingles affects the nerves, creating the potential for
encephalitis, hearing loss, balance problems, or facial paralysis.
Postherpetic neuralgia: Damaged nerve fibers continue to send pain messages after the
blisters have healed.
Symptoms of shingles
Shingles generally only affects a small area on one side of the body. Pain is usually the first sign
of the disease. Sometimes the shingles rash does not develop and pain is the only symptom.
Pain, burning, numbness, or tingling in a specific area of the body, usually the side of the
torso
A red rash develops a few days after onset of pain that wraps around the torso
Sometimes the rash occurs on the side of the neck or face or around one eye
A line of fluid-filled blisters that break open before crusting over
Itching
Fever
Chills
Headache
Achiness
Fatigue
What is the first sign of shingles?
Pain
What is the cure for shingles?
There is no cure for shingles. Prompt treatment can alleviate symptoms, speed healing, and protect against complications.
What is the aim of shingles treatment?
To alleviate symptoms, speed healing, and
protect against complications.
Non-medication treatments for shingles
Cool baths or compresses can relieve pain and itching.
Diagnosis of shingles
The rash and blisters combined with pain and age of onset make shingles an obvious diagnosis.
Doctors may culture the blisters or analyze a scraping of the blisters to confirm the diagnosis.
Is shingles contagious?
Shingles cannot be passed from person to person; however, a person with shingles is contagious
to those who have not had the chickenpox. In those cases, chickenpox can be transmitted,
although the exposed person will not develop shingles. Patients with shingles should avoid
contact with newborns, people not immune to chickenpox, pregnant women, and those with
weak immune systems.
What are the contraindications associated with the vaccines to prevent shingles?
The vaccines contain live virus, so they are unsuitable for people with weakened immune systems
How can shingles be prevented?
Two vaccines, the varicella vaccine and the varicella-zoster vaccine, can help prevent the
development of shingles.
What medications or treatments increase the risk of shingles?
Cancer treatments and use of certain
medications, like steroids, can trigger the development of shingles.
Which people should a patient with shingles avoid contact with?
Patients with shingles should avoid
contact with newborns, people not immune to chickenpox, pregnant women, and those with
weak immune systems.
How are warts treated?
Common warts heal on their own, but sometimes treatment and removal is
necessary.
How can warts be described?
Warts are rough, grainy growths that most commonly affect the hands or fingers. Some warts
contain tiny black dots, referred to as seeds, which are actually blood vessels that have clotted.
What body parts do warts most often affect?
The hands and fingers
Hemangioma
A hemangioma, also known as a strawberry hemangioma, is a birthmark that grows over the
first year of life before receding and disappearing by age 10. Caused by a dense grouping of
extra blood vessels, it appears as a patch of bright red on the skin. It can also appear as a large,
red nodule on the skin. Hemangiomas are benign and usually do not require treatment
The most common skin tumour (that isn’t really a skin tumour)
Lipoma
Lipoma
Slow-growing, rubbery nodules that can sometimes be felt as firm masses below the skin.
Occurring in the shoulders, trunk, and back of the neck, they can cause pain when they
compress nerves.
Risk factors for decubitous ulcers
Age: Older adult skin is thinner, drier, and less elastic than the skin of younger adults,
making it more fragile and vulnerable to injury.
Weight loss: Less cushioning is present in people who have lost weight.
Lack of sensory perception: Patients with loss of feeling or sensation in parts of the
body may not be aware of the pressure or feel the need to change positions.
Skin moisture or dryness: Excessively dry skin or moist sweaty skin increases the
friction between skin and surfaces.
Incontinence: Bladder incontinence can make the skin perpetually moist. Fecal
incontinence can lead to localized infections.
Inadequate nutrition or hydration: A poor diet or an inadequate amount of fluid intake
can lead to unhealthy skin.
Conditions of the circulatory system: Diseases like diabetes or vascular disease lead to
circulation problems and can cause decreased circulation in certain parts of the body.
Muscle spasms: Frequent friction or shearing can result from involuntary muscle
movements.
Limited mental awareness: Mental state affects whether or not an individual can
recognize, prevent, or care for pressure sores.
Smoking: Smoking affects circulation and oxygen levels in the blood, making wounds
heal slower.
Where do people confined to bed most often develop pressure sores?
On the back or side of the head, rim of the ears, hip, lower back, shoulders, shoulder blades,
tailbone, heels, ankles, or skin behind the knees.
Where do people who use wheelchairs most often develop pressure sores?
People who use wheelchairs often develop pressure sores on the tailbone, buttocks, spine,
shoulder blades, or backs of the arms and legs.
Skin cancer
Punch biopsy
A tool with a circular blade is used to remove a round piece of skin.
Excisional biopsy
The entire mole, along with a small border of surrounding skin, is
removed.
Incisional biopsy
The most irregular part of the mole is removed.
How often should screening for melanomas be done?
Many experts recommend yearly screening by a health care professional as well as monthly self-
screenings to identify changes in moles.
What happens after a biopsy confirms melanoma?
If it is determined that melanoma is present, the thickness will be assessed to determine how
serious the condition is. Thicker melanomas mean a more serious situation. Sentinel node
biopsy is performed to determine if the cancer has spread to surrounding tissue or lymph nodes.
The cancer is then staged I through IV, with a stage IV diagnosis indicating that the cancer has
spread from the skin to the organs of the body.
Treatment of melanoma
Often early stage melanoma requires only removing the melanoma, which can be accomplished
with the biopsy. If the melanoma has spread, other treatment is necessary, including:
Removal of the lymph nodes
Chemotherapy and radiation
Biological therapy boosts the immune system to help fight the cancer.
Targeted therapy is used to treat melanoma that has spread or cannot be treated with
surgery.
Reduction
The act of setting a fractured bone back in its normal position. Some fractures require the use of screws, pins, plates, rods, or glue to properly set the fracture in place.
Closed reduction
Setting a bone without using surgery
Open reduction
Setting a bone using reduction
Treatment of a fracture after reduction
After reduction, the affected area is placed in a cast, splint, or traction to promote healing and reduce pain. Medication can be given for pain reduction, while antibiotics are sometimes necessary to prevent infection. Physical therapy is often started while the fracture is still healing in order to promote blood flow, avoid loss of muscle tone, and guard against blood clots and stiffness.
Calcium dietary requirements
People aged 18-50 need 1000 mg per day
Women aged 50 and above need 1200 mg per day
Men aged 70 and above need 1200 mg per day
Good sources include low-fat dairy foods, dark green leafy vegetables, canned salmon, sardines, soy products, or foods fortified with calcium
Dietary vitamin D requirements
Adults need 600-800 IU per day
Sunlight naturally promotes production of vitamin D
Milk is fortified with vitamin D
Exercise for bone health
Exercise, particularly strength training and weight-bearing exercises like walking, jogging, and
stair climbing, help build bones and reduce bone loss. While swimming, cycling, and exercising
on machines is good for cardiovascular health, the low impact nature of such exercises does not
contribute to bone health.
Steinert disease
This myotonic form of muscular dystrophy begins in the facial muscles.
Onset occurs in early adulthood.
