Unit 6 - Diseases of digestive and urinary systems

Question 1

Staging of renal cell carcinoma

Answer 1

Stage I: The tumor is limited to the kidney and can measure up to 2 ¾ inches in
diameter.
Stage II: The cancer is still limited to the kidney, but is larger than a stage I tumor.
Stage III: The tumor has extended to nearby tissue and/or lymph nodes.
Stage IV: Cancer has spread to other areas in the body, including the bones, liver, brain,
or lungs.

Question 2

Two most common types of UTI

Answer 2

1. Cystitis (bladder infection caused by E. coli, commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract and often introduced to the urinary tract through sexual activity)
2. Urethritis (inflammation of the urethra either by bacteria from the anus or by sexually transmitted diseases like gonorrhea, herpes, or Chlamydia)

Question 3

Risk factors for UTIs

Answer 3

Sexual activity
Use of diaphragms and spermicides for birth control
Urinary tract abnormalities
Menopause
Use of catheters
Blockages caused by kidney stones or enlarged prostate
A suppressed immune system

Question 4

What complications can result from untreated UTIs in pregnancy?

Answer 4

premature birth and/or low birth rate

babies

Question 5

General symptoms of UTI

Answer 5

Strong urge to urinate that doesn’t go away
Burning while urinating
Cloudy urine
Frequent urination of small amounts
Red, bright pink, or tea-colored urine, which indicates the presence of blood in the urine
Urine with a strong or unusual smell
Pelvic pain in women, or rectal pain in men

Question 6

Symptoms of kidney infection

Answer 6

Pain in the upper back and side, high fever, nausea, vomiting, shaking, chills

Question 7

Symptoms of a bladder infection

Answer 7

Pelvic pressure, discomfort in the lower abdomen, blood in the urine, frequent
urination that is painful

Question 8

Urethra

Answer 8

Burning during urination

Question 9

Types of kidney stones

Answer 9

1. Calcium stones
2. Struvite stones
3. Uric acid stones
4. Cystine stones

Question 10

What is the most common form of kidney stones?

Answer 10

Calcium stones

Question 11

Although kidney stones can occur in anyone at any age, what demographic is most often affected?

Answer 11

Men over 40

Question 12

Which demographics are most vulnerable to dental caries?

Answer 12

Children, teenagers, and older adults

Question 13

What are the three types of cavities?

Answer 13

Smooth surface
Pit and fissure
Root

Question 14

Symptoms of cavities

Answer 14

Small cavities often produce no symptoms. As the decay affects deeper layers of the tooth, 
symptoms become noticeable:
 Toothache
 Sensitivity
 Pain when eating or drinking cold, hot, or sweet foods or beverages
 Noticeable holes or pits in the teeth
 Pain when biting down
 Pus in the mouth

Question 15

When can cavities be treated with flouride?

Answer 15

When the cavity has not progressed through the enamel (the earliest stages of a cavity)

Question 16

How are cavities that have extended just beyond the enamel treated?

Answer 16

WIth fillings. The decayed portion of the tooth is drilled away and replaced with porcelain, composite resins, or silver amalgam (no longer used because of its mercury content).

Question 17

How are teeth that are extensively damaged or weakened treated?

Answer 17

The decayed area is drilled away and the area is covered to replace the tooth’s natural covering. Crowns are usually made of gold, porcelain, or porcelain combined with metal.

Question 18

How is a cavity that has extended into the pulp treated?

Answer 18

Decay that extends into the pulp necessitates a root canal. The pulp within the tooth is removed before being replaced with a filling.

If a tooth is extensively damaged beyond restoration, it must be extracted. Tooth extraction creates a gap and allows the remaining teeth to shift positions, which may necessitate a bridge or implant to fill in for the missing tooth.

Question 19

How is GERD described?

Answer 19

GERD is a chronic disease that presents with acid reflux and heartburn
severe enough to interfere with daily activities at least twice a week.

Question 20

Complications of pyelonephritis during pregnancy

Answer 20

Kidneys that stop working
Pre-eclampsia
Early labor
Septic shock

Question 21

Symptoms of gallstones

Answer 21

Gallstones generally present no symptoms unless they result in a blockage. Symptoms can
include the following:
 Sudden intense pain in the right upper abdomen
 Sudden intense pain in the center of the abdomen
 Pain between the shoulder blades
 Pain in the right shoulder
 Clay-colored stools
 Fever
 Chills
Pain is usually present for several minutes up to a few hours.

Question 22

Pigment gallstones

Answer 22

These gallstones form in the presence of too much bilirubin and are
dark brown or black in color.

Question 23

Cholesterol gallstones

Answer 23

These gallstones are yellow and largely comprised of

undissolved cholesterol.

Question 24

Two most common types of gallstones

Answer 24

Pigment and cholesterol

Question 25

Risk factors that increase the likelihood of GERD

Answer 25

Pregnancy
 Obesity
 Hiatal hernia
Diabetes
 Asthma
 Scleroderma, or other disorders affecting connective tissue
 Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
 Dry mouth
 Smoking
 Slowed emptying of the stomach

Question 26

Cholelithiasis

Answer 26

A condition more commonly known as gallstones. Gallstones result from substances in the digestive fluid in the gallbladder becoming thicker or crystalizing. People with gallstones can have one or many, and they can be as small as a grain of sand or as large as a golf ball.

Question 27

Causes of gallstones (cholelithiasis)

Answer 27

Gallstones form when the bile in the gall bladder contains excess cholesterol or excess bilirubin; or
doesn’t empty as it should, allowing bile to concentrate into stones.

Question 28

Why is it essential to treat UTIs in children?

Answer 28

Young children are particularly vulnerable to kidney infection or damage resulting from untreated UTIs.

Question 29

True or false: Young

children are particularly vulnerable to kidney infection or damage resulting from untreated UTIs.

Answer 29

True

Question 30

Does a liver transplant cure hepatitis?

Answer 30

Not always. In some forms, like

hepatitis C, the disease can recur in the newly transplanted liver.

Question 31

Treatment for hepatitis

Answer 31

Some forms of hepatitis require no treatment and resolve on their own. Other forms respond to 
some of the following treatments: 
 Antiviral medications
 Corticosteroids
 Immunosuppressants