Unit 6 - Diseases of digestive and urinary systems Flashcards
Staging of renal cell carcinoma
Stage I: The tumor is limited to the kidney and can measure up to 2 ¾ inches in
diameter.
Stage II: The cancer is still limited to the kidney, but is larger than a stage I tumor.
Stage III: The tumor has extended to nearby tissue and/or lymph nodes.
Stage IV: Cancer has spread to other areas in the body, including the bones, liver, brain,
or lungs.
Two most common types of UTI
- Cystitis (bladder infection caused by E. coli, commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract and often introduced to the urinary tract through sexual activity)
- Urethritis (inflammation of the urethra either by bacteria from the anus or by sexually transmitted diseases like gonorrhea, herpes, or Chlamydia)
Risk factors for UTIs
Sexual activity
Use of diaphragms and spermicides for birth control
Urinary tract abnormalities
Menopause
Use of catheters
Blockages caused by kidney stones or enlarged prostate
A suppressed immune system
What complications can result from untreated UTIs in pregnancy?
premature birth and/or low birth rate
babies
General symptoms of UTI
Strong urge to urinate that doesn’t go away
Burning while urinating
Cloudy urine
Frequent urination of small amounts
Red, bright pink, or tea-colored urine, which indicates the presence of blood in the urine
Urine with a strong or unusual smell
Pelvic pain in women, or rectal pain in men
Symptoms of kidney infection
Pain in the upper back and side, high fever, nausea, vomiting, shaking, chills
Symptoms of a bladder infection
Pelvic pressure, discomfort in the lower abdomen, blood in the urine, frequent
urination that is painful
Urethra
Burning during urination
Types of kidney stones
- Calcium stones
- Struvite stones
- Uric acid stones
- Cystine stones
What is the most common form of kidney stones?
Calcium stones
Although kidney stones can occur in anyone at any age, what demographic is most often affected?
Men over 40
Which demographics are most vulnerable to dental caries?
Children, teenagers, and older adults
What are the three types of cavities?
Smooth surface
Pit and fissure
Root
Symptoms of cavities
Small cavities often produce no symptoms. As the decay affects deeper layers of the tooth, symptoms become noticeable: Toothache Sensitivity Pain when eating or drinking cold, hot, or sweet foods or beverages Noticeable holes or pits in the teeth Pain when biting down Pus in the mouth
When can cavities be treated with flouride?
When the cavity has not progressed through the enamel (the earliest stages of a cavity)
How are cavities that have extended just beyond the enamel treated?
WIth fillings. The decayed portion of the tooth is drilled away and replaced with porcelain, composite resins, or silver amalgam (no longer used because of its mercury content).
How are teeth that are extensively damaged or weakened treated?
The decayed area is drilled away and the area is covered to replace the tooth’s natural covering. Crowns are usually made of gold, porcelain, or porcelain combined with metal.
How is a cavity that has extended into the pulp treated?
Decay that extends into the pulp necessitates a root canal. The pulp within the tooth is removed before being replaced with a filling.
If a tooth is extensively damaged beyond restoration, it must be extracted. Tooth extraction creates a gap and allows the remaining teeth to shift positions, which may necessitate a bridge or implant to fill in for the missing tooth.
How is GERD described?
GERD is a chronic disease that presents with acid reflux and heartburn
severe enough to interfere with daily activities at least twice a week.
Complications of pyelonephritis during pregnancy
Kidneys that stop working
Pre-eclampsia
Early labor
Septic shock
Symptoms of gallstones
Gallstones generally present no symptoms unless they result in a blockage. Symptoms can
include the following:
Sudden intense pain in the right upper abdomen
Sudden intense pain in the center of the abdomen
Pain between the shoulder blades
Pain in the right shoulder
Clay-colored stools
Fever
Chills
Pain is usually present for several minutes up to a few hours.
Pigment gallstones
These gallstones form in the presence of too much bilirubin and are
dark brown or black in color.
Cholesterol gallstones
These gallstones are yellow and largely comprised of
undissolved cholesterol.
Two most common types of gallstones
Pigment and cholesterol
Risk factors that increase the likelihood of GERD
Pregnancy Obesity Hiatal hernia Diabetes Asthma Scleroderma, or other disorders affecting connective tissue Zollinger-Ellison syndrome Dry mouth Smoking Slowed emptying of the stomach
Cholelithiasis
A condition more commonly known as gallstones. Gallstones result from substances in the digestive fluid in the gallbladder becoming thicker or crystalizing. People with gallstones can have one or many, and they can be as small as a grain of sand or as large as a golf ball.
Causes of gallstones (cholelithiasis)
Gallstones form when the bile in the gall bladder contains excess cholesterol or excess bilirubin; or
doesn’t empty as it should, allowing bile to concentrate into stones.
Why is it essential to treat UTIs in children?
Young children are particularly vulnerable to kidney infection or damage resulting from untreated UTIs.
True or false: Young
children are particularly vulnerable to kidney infection or damage resulting from untreated UTIs.
True
Does a liver transplant cure hepatitis?
Not always. In some forms, like
hepatitis C, the disease can recur in the newly transplanted liver.
Treatment for hepatitis
Some forms of hepatitis require no treatment and resolve on their own. Other forms respond to some of the following treatments: Antiviral medications Corticosteroids Immunosuppressants
