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Honors World History 1 > Unit 7: Renaissance > Flashcards

Unit 7: Renaissance Flashcards

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1
Q

Renaissance is French for “rebirth.” It was used for the first time by the Italians in r the 1500’s. What did they believe?

A

That the civilizations of Greece and Rome had been reborn in Italy after the Middle Ages.

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2
Q

What did many historians consider the Renaissance to be?

A

A time of transition eighteen Medieval Era and Modern Times.

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3
Q

Who was Venice founded by?

A

People who were running from the Attila the Hun.

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4
Q

Venice was a trade city. What did it have at its peak?

A

36,000 sailors on 3300 ships.

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5
Q

In Venice, they established the Golden Book, what did this hold?

A

The names of the most powerful families in Venice.

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6
Q

What could only the people in the Golden book be a part of?

A

Only these people could be on the Great Council - the group that made all the important decisions.

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7
Q

Money poured into Venice from trade, but also because they were able to charge tolls to travelers coming through the Alps to trade. What did merchants do because of this?

A

Merchants competed with one another to see who could build the nicest parlance or sponsor the best artist.

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8
Q

Florence (City of Flowers) was different than Venice because it was not nearly as peaceful. What was the struggle that was going on?

A

A struggle between the Pope and the empire. The Geulfs supported the Pope and the Ghibellines supported the empire. These groups fought frequently.

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9
Q

What other fights were common in Florence?

A

Fighting between the elites and the common people. Street fighting became a frequent occurrence.

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10
Q

What was one of the main industries that Florence established>

A

Raising sheep and “harvesting” the wool.

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11
Q

What went on between between wool merchants?

A

They struggled with one another for power, but also helped improve the city.

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12
Q

What did the merchants believe?

A

They believed that people who did well financially, out to build churches where God could be honored. They began to hire the most talented artists and artisans and constantly pushed them to produce the absolute best.

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13
Q

In the 4 classes of Florence, Who were the Nobles?

A

They owned the most of the land and lived in big castles. They lived by chivalry and hated the newly wealthy merchants.

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14
Q

In the 4 Classes of Florence, who were the wealthy merchants?

A

They worked to control the government and supported the arts. They were called “fat people.”

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15
Q

In the 4 Classes of Florence, Who were the middle class?

A

They were made up of shopkeepers and other professions. These were known as “little people.”

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16
Q

In the 4 Classes of Florence, who were the wool workers?

A

They were made up of almost 30,000 poor laborers who worked in wool. They worked long hours for little money.

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17
Q

Where was the city state Milan located?

A

In the middle of the northern portion of Italy.

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18
Q

What was Milan known known for despite of it sitting in an important trade location?

A

Milan was known more for its military than its economy.

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19
Q

What type of government did Milan have? Who would lead Milan

A

There was a large need for a strong leader to balance these two elements, so this city-state had a monarchy instead of a republican form of government.
Instead of the leader being a king, though, dukes rules over Milan.

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20
Q

What family lead Milan from 1317-1447? What did Milan try to do when their rule ended? How did this go?

A

The Visconti family were the leaders of Milan from 1317 - 1447. When their rule finally came to an end, Milan tried to go to a republic. This failed miserably.

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21
Q

Who was Francesco Sforza?

A

Following the failed republican experiment, Francesco Sforza, a mercenary who’d been hired to defend Milan by the Visconti, grabbed control of the government.

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22
Q

Who were the other two groups that struggled for control of Milan?

A

The Papal States and the Kingdom of Naples.

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23
Q

What would happen in Milan if one of the 5 groups was getting too much power? What was this known as?

A

The other four would join
forces to bring the other one down to their level. This was known as establishing a “Balance of Power.”

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24
Q

What happened to Italy because of these constant fights between these 5 groups?

A

These powers left Italy vulnerable and open to multiple invasions.

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25
What did Renaissance men believe in?
As men followed Petrarch’s teaching on Humanism, they continued to believe in studying classic literatures, but also believed in an active life. They believed that one had to excel in as many fields as possible.
26
Renaissance men were considered well rounded. What qualities did they have?
Intelligence, honor, skills in sports, etc.
27
What how did Renaissance have to exhibit these traits (intelligent, honorable, skilled in sport, etc)?
With little to no effort, at least on the surface.
28
Paining: To maintain the themes of Humanism that had been handed down, most art showed life like humans in modern clothing. How did art of the Middle Ages show off people?
As flat and stiff.
29
How did renaissance art differ from Medieval art?
Renaissance art depicted people in 3-D, thanks to shading and perspective.
30
How did Medieval artists differ from Renaissance artists?
While Medieval artists usually belonged to guilds and were mostly anonymous, Renaissance artists were enrolled in schools and wanted the popularity that came from their art.
31
When a piece of art was commissioned, the master teacher would do the major elements. What would the students do? What could the teachers do because of this?
Then the students would tell in and do most of the work. By doing this, the teacher could teach his students the finer points of art before they stepped out on their own.
32
Leonardo da Vinci had been invited to Milan after one of his pieces of art was shown. What did he paint while in Milan?
One of his most famous works, The Last Supper.
33
After not receiving a commission from the Pope, Leonardo worked in France for the latter part of his life. What did he study in France?
Science and the Human Body.
34
What were Leonardo da Vinci’s journals filled with?
Sketches and ideas that were way ahead of his time. He drew pictures of flying machines, submarines, and other advanced ideas.
35
Compared to many of his age, what was different about Michelangelo?
He never drifted from his Christian faith.
36
What was Michelangelo commissioned to paint? How long did this take?
The Sistine Chapel in the Vatican. This took 3 years. He spent most of this time on the scaffolding.
37
What in Michelangelo’s painting of the Sistine Chapel was not received well by all?
He painted his enemies in hell. Although ti wasn’t received well by all, many still respect the work/skill that it took to make.
38
Where was Raphael brought at the age of 25?
He was brought to Rome to paint the Pope’s personal library.
39
What was Raphael asked to paint in the Pope’s personal library?
4 pictures showing the most important fields of study: philosophy, theology, the arts, and the law.
40
What came out of Raphael painting the 4 most important fields of study (philosophy, theology, the arts, and the law) in the Pope’s personal library?
One of his more famous paintings. Known as the School of Athens.
41
The shifting attitudes of Europeans during this time resulted in a movement known as Humanism. What did humanists focus on?
They focused on individual achievement and accomplishments in this life, instead of focusing on the life to come.
42
What was the importance placed on the individual in Humanism?
This importance that was places on the individual was seen in art and education.
43
How did Renaissance scholars see Medieval thinkers?
As backwards. They instead embraced the worlds of ancient Rome and Greek thinkers.
44
In the 1400s Humanism encouraged Greek scholars that were fleeing from Constantinople to settle in Italy. What did these thinkers bring with them?
Not only the treasures of Byzantium, but they also brought the knowledge of ancient Greece thought and culture.
45
What did Renaissance thinkers focus on?
Studia Humanitatis (Study of Humanities)
46
What did Studia Humanitatis.(Study of the Humanities) include?
History, poetry, grammar, etc.
47
How can Humanism be summed up?
A stress on human dignity as the most valuable of God’s creatures.
48
Who was one of the first, and most important Humanists? What was he known as?
Francesco Petrarch. He’s known as the “Founder of Humanism.”
49
What did Francesco Petrarch believe?
Instead of focusing on Greece, he believed that the only true models of wisdom and virtue were found in Rome.
50
Francesco Petrarch began to travel through Europe looking for tests to add to his own library for studying? What did he read? What did he write?
As he read the writings of ancient authors, be began to copy their style. He wrote epic poetry and biographies of important classical people.
51
Like a lot of people at his time, What did Petrarch struggle with?
Two different parts of his “personality.”
52
Like many figures, what was Francesco Petrarch afraid of?
That pursuit of worldly knowledge and other early things might keep him out of heaven.
53
What is the main thing that Francesco Petrarch is known for?
His poems of love to Laura.
54
Who picked up Francesco Petrarch’s type of poetry?
The type of 14 lined, rhymed poetry that he used was later picked up by William Shakespeare.
55
Literature was also a growing field that came out of the Renaissance. There were a number of writers that came into prominence during this era. Who was Boccaccio?
A writer from Florence who wrote the Decameron.
56
Boccaccio wrote the Decameron. What was this?
A collection of 100 stories written in every day language, that were set in the time of the Black Plague. The stories reflect a lot of the traditions and values of the day.
57
What did Machiavelli come to belief as he became involved in politics?
That Italy itself would only be saved if it were united under a strong/respected leader.
58
After being very involved for 10 years, Machiavelli retired. What did he do after this?
He began to write The Prince.
59
What were Machiavelli’s two key beliefs?
- A rulers job was to succeed by any means necessary. - It was more important to be feared than loved as a leader.
60
What did Pico study?
The words of Aristotle as well as other Greeks.
61
What did Pico work to reconcile?
The beliefs of Islam, Judaism and Christianity, but was unable to.
62
What two things did Pico believe?
- Man had a free will, which gave them the opportunity to make decisions. - Humans could directly communicate with God.
63
How did the Church react to Pico’s two beliefs? Who saved him? What was ironic about this?
The Church was furious and branded him a heretic. He was saved by Lorenzo de Medici. The ironic part is, most of his ideas supported the Reformation.
64
What did Lorenzo Vallarta and Nicholas of Cusa begin to formulate?
A new program called “textual criticism.”
65
What was the program “textual criticism?”
Historians would look at documents to verify their authenticity.
66
What was found because of “textual criticism?” How did many within the Church feel about this?
Some documents that were forgeries - even within the Church. Many within the Church didn’t care for this movement because they felt threatened by what might come out of it.
67
What happened as the 1500’s came to an end?
The city-states of Italy declined as they became prizes for the nations of northern Europe.
68
The culture established in the Renaissance to spread north as well. What was the result of this?
The Renaissance after this became more European and less Italian.
69
Where did the Renaissance eventually jump over to?
It jumped over the Italian border and entered Europe.
70
What did Europeans come to Italy to do?
Europeans cam to Italy to study and then carried what their learned back to their homes.
71
Humanism died with the Europeans too, but they looked at it differently than the Italians. What did Europeans chose to focus on?
More on the development of an ethical way of life and a more distinct Christian society.
72
What did the “brand of humanism” seek out to do?
Bring reform in sociopath and allow an improvement of their own culture.
73
Who was the most important figure of the new “brand” of humanism?
Thomas More.
74
What did Thomas More write?
A book call Utopia, which described an idealistic society in the New World.
75
What existed in Thomas More’s idealistic “Utopia?”
All children received a good education, and the community all shared income.
76
What did Thomas More argue in “Utopia?”
That the laws of society were responsible for corruption and war instead of individuals. Even though we take this for granted, this was radical at the time.
77
As the Renaissance was in full swing, there were major concerns over the condition of the Church. What did most believe about the Church?
That it was a corrupt body, and that the members of the Church weren’t much better.
78
What did one of the main writers of the Renaissance, Erasmus, say?
That the clergy were too superstitious and the monks had too many rituals.
79
There were 3 main criticisms of the church. What was the Immortality of the Clergy?
Even though all priests had taken vows of celibacy, many of them had concubines on the side. Other worms of immorality included: drunkenness, gambling and wearing of fancy clothing.
80
There were 3 main criticisms of the church. What was the Ignorance of the Clergy?
Bishops were very lax in keeping their priests accountable for education. Many priests were not even as educated as the people that attended their churches.
81
There were 3 main criticisms of the Church. What was “Absenteeism” of clergy?
Many clergy had several “benefices” or offices at the same time. Instead of being faithful in all of them, they rarely attend these churches.
82
There were 3 main criticisms of the Church: (“Absenteeism” of clergy) What would the priests do instead of being faithful to all their “benefices?”
They would pay a lowly priest next to nothing to minister/lead the church.
83
The Church held a great deal of wealth in each country. What did the rulers of many nations use the church offices to do?
To reward government officials who had done a good job.
84
Some began to quark on whether or not the Church really had the power that it claimed to have. Who was one of these people?
Martin Luther
85
Who was Martin Luther?
A former priests who had despaired over doing enough good to get into heaven.
86
Martin Luther came to believe something new. What was this new belief?
That salvation was by grace alone.
87
What resistance did Martin Luther get against his belief that salvation was by grace alone?
A friar named Tetzel came though Germany selling indulgences to pay for St. Peter’s in Rome. Luther was furious, claiming that the people were being lied to.
88
What were the indulgences that the friar Tetzel was selling paying for?
They were a fundraiser for the Catholic Church. They also paid for the arts and lavish lifestyles of the Church leaders.
89
What did Martin Luther to to air his furious complaints?
He nailed 95 theses on October 31, 1517, to the door of the Wittenberg Castle Church.
90
What did Martin Luther criticize in his 95 theses?
The Church’s wealth, the power of the Pope, and the sale of indulgences.
91
What did Martin Luther proclaim in his 95 theses?
That people did not need priests to interpret the Bible for them.
92
What helped Martin Luther’s 95 thesis to be passed out quickly among the people?
A new invention. The Printing Press (Johanes Gutenberg 1440).
93
What did Luther say at the end of his theses?
He called on the princes of Germany to come and drive the clergy from their positions.
94
At the end of the 95 Theses, Luther on the princes of Germany to come and drive the clergy from their positions. How did the Pope react to this?
The Pope called on Martin Luther to be a reacher or to be excommunicated.
95
The Pope, fearing revolution, called him on to reacher or to be excommunicated. What was this called?
A Papal Bull.
96
What did Luther do union receiving the Papal Bull?
He burned it, and was excommunicated from the Church.
97
What did Emperor Charles V do?
He felt the need to hunt down Luther and had him brought to trial at the Diet of Worms.
98
What happened at the Diet of Worms trial?
The Emperor called on Luther to recant his beliefs. Luther refused to recant his beliefs.
99
What did Emperor Charles V do instead of burning Luther at the stake?
He issued the Edict of Worms.
100
What was the Edict of Worms?
Luther’s books would be burned, and no one could give Luther food or shelter.

Honors World History 1 (8 decks)

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